Challenge: Existing methods for word embeddings are limited to a single, unannotated corpus, which means that word representations with similar meaning in distinct languages can be very different.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised method for cross-lingual word embedding mapping that uses stochastic initialization and isometric initialization to verify the method's robustness.
Outcome: The proposed method is robust on different embedding representations and new language pairs, particularly those involving Slavic languages like Polish or Czech.

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A Simple Approach to Learning Unsupervised Multilingual Embeddings (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on unsupervised cross-lingual embeddings in the bilingual setting has given the impetus to learning a shared embeddable space for several languages.
Approach: They propose to solve two sub-problems together to learn a shared embedding space for several languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing methods in bilingual lexicon induction, cross-lingual word similarity, multilingual document classification, and multilingual dependency parsing tasks.
A Robust Self-Learning Method for Fully Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Mappings of Word Embeddings: Making the Method Robustly Reproducible as Well (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for fully unsupervised cross-lingual mapping of word embeddings are available to achieve such a mapping .
Approach: They reproduce the experiments of Artetxe and Sgaard (2018) . they propose a robust self-learning method for fully unsupervised cross-lingual mappings of word embeddings.
Outcome: The proposed method is feasible with minor assumptions, and it is able to be replicated in four languages.
Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning (P19-4)

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Challenge: a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations is presented .
Approach: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of recent work on weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations.
Outcome: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised word representations.
A robust self-learning method for fully unsupervised cross-lingual mappings of word embeddings (P18-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods to learn cross-lingual word embeddings have failed in more realistic scenarios . a fully unsupervised initialization and a robust self-learning algorithm are needed to improve the existing methods.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised initialization method that exploits structural similarity of embeddings and a robust self-learning algorithm that iteratively improves it.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves the best published results in standard datasets even surpassing previous supervised systems.
Analyzing the Limitations of Cross-lingual Word Embedding Mappings (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for cross-lingual word embeddings have limited results . existing methods require little or no cross-linguistic signal to work .
Approach: They compare offline mapping methods to an extension of skip-gram that jointly learns both embedding spaces.
Outcome: The proposed method yields more isomorphic embeddings, is less sensitive to hubness, and achieves stronger results in bilingual lexicon induction.
A Call for More Rigor in Unsupervised Cross-lingual Learning (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing research on unsupervised cross-lingual learning has focused on purely unsupervised learning without any parallel data for most of the world's languages.
Approach: They propose to define "multilingual learning" as learning a common model for two or more languages from raw text, without any downstream task labels.
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On the Robustness of Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Cross-lingual Word Embedding Learning (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual word embeddings are vector representations of words in different languages where words with similar meaning are represented by similar vectors, regardless of the language.
Approach: They propose to evaluate multiple cross-lingual word embedding models and compare their strengths and limitations to evaluate their effectiveness.
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Unsupervised Cross-lingual Transfer of Word Embedding Spaces (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for cross-lingual word mapping require cross-linguistic supervision, but this is not available for many low resource languages.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised method that learns transformation functions over corresponding word embedding spaces using a distributed distributional matching algorithm.
Outcome: The proposed method performs better on bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual word similarity prediction datasets than other supervised and unsupervised methods.
How to (Properly) Evaluate Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings: On Strong Baselines, Comparative Analyses, and Some Misconceptions (P19-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual word embeddings (CLEs) are used for downstream NLP tasks . CLEs are based on bilingual lexicon induction (BLI) evaluations vary greatly, hindering ability to interpret performance and properties of different CLE models.
Approach: They evaluate CLE models for a large number of language pairs on bilingual lexicon induction and three downstream tasks.
Outcome: The proposed model performance is based on supervised and unsupervised models on bilingual lexicon induction and three downstream tasks.
Revisiting the Context Window for Cross-lingual Word Embeddings (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to mapping-based cross-lingual word embeddings are based on the assumption that the source and target embeddable spaces are structurally similar.
Approach: They propose to use different context windows to evaluate bilingual word embeddings in various languages, domains, and tasks.
Outcome: The size of both the source and target window improves bilingual lexicon induction, especially on frequent nouns.

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