Challenge: Existing evaluation metrics for text generation tasks do not consider uncertain responses without writing additional reference responses by hand.
Approach: They propose a human-aided, uncertainty-aware evaluation method for open-domain dialogue systems, BLEU.
Outcome: The proposed method is comparable to existing methods on Twitter and improves state-of-the-art evaluation method RUBER.

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Designing Precise and Robust Dialogue Response Evaluators (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing automated dialogue response evaluators have only moderate correlation with human judgement and are not robust.
Approach: They propose to build a reference-free dialogue response evaluator that exploits the power of semi-supervised training and pretrained (masked) language models.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves strong correlation with human judgement and generalizes robustly to diverse responses and corpora.
Towards Holistic and Automatic Evaluation of Open-Domain Dialogue Generation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods of open-domain dialogue evaluation are labor-intensive and inefficient.
Approach: They propose to use open-domain dialogues to evaluate different aspects of dialogues using holistic evaluation metrics.
Outcome: The proposed metrics show strong correlations with human judgments.
Achieving Reliable Human Assessment of Open-Domain Dialogue Systems (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Evaluation of open-domain dialogue systems is challenging and unreliable . human evaluation of live conversations is highly reliable, but reliability cannot be assumed .
Approach: They propose a method of open-domain dialogue evaluation that is highly reliable . they compare live conversations with models that avoid pre-created reference dialogues .
Outcome: The proposed method is highly reliable while remaining feasible and low cost.
Learning an Unreferenced Metric for Online Dialogue Evaluation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing tools for dialogue evaluation do not generalize to unseen datasets and/or need a human-generated reference response during inference.
Approach: They propose an unreferenced automated dialogue evaluation metric that uses large pre-trained language models to extract latent representations of utterances and leverages the temporal transitions that exist between them.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves higher correlation with human annotations in an online setting, while not requiring true responses for comparison during inference.
FineD-Eval: Fine-grained Automatic Dialogue-Level Evaluation (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent model-based reference-free metrics for open-domain dialogue evaluation lack correlations with human judgment and poor interpretability.
Approach: They propose a multi-dimensional dialogue-level metric with three sub-metrics targeting a specific dimension.
Outcome: The proposed metric outperforms existing models and sub-metrics in three high-quality dialogue evaluation benchmarks.
REAM♯: An Enhancement Approach to Reference-based Evaluation Metrics for Open-domain Dialog Generation (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation metrics for open-domain dialogue systems are limited by the diversity of possible outcomings.
Approach: They propose a method to augment a reference set to improve reliability . they propose BLEU to measure similarity between a predicted response and a small set of references .
Outcome: The proposed model improves the reliability of reference-based metrics with augmented reference sets.
DEnsity: Open-domain Dialogue Evaluation Metric using Density Estimation (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies suggest that neural classifiers make overly confident predictions for examples from unseen distributions.
Approach: They propose a new evaluation metric, DENSITY, which measures how likely a response would appear in the distribution of human conversations.
Outcome: The proposed metric measures how likely a response would appear in the distribution of human conversations.
Deconstruct to Reconstruct a Configurable Evaluation Metric for Open-Domain Dialogue Systems (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation metrics are not designed to cope with this flexibility.
Approach: They propose to group the qualities into three groups to obtain a single metric called USL-H.
Outcome: The proposed metric achieves good correlations with human judgment and maintains its configurability towards different aspects and metrics.
Automating Human Evaluation of Dialogue Systems (2022.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: a recent study shows that human evaluations of dialogue systems weakly reflect human judgments.
Approach: They propose a BERT-based model that fine-tunes a model with three prediction heads to predict whether the system-generated output is natural, fluent, and informative.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves an average accuracy of 77% over the 3 labels . it also uses three different models to compute the labels compared to three separate models .
Evaluating Coherence in Dialogue Systems using Entailment (N19-1)

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Challenge: Evaluating open-domain dialogue systems is difficult due to the diversity of possible correct answers.
Approach: They propose a set of metrics for evaluating topic coherence using distributed sentence representations and calculable approximations of human judgment using conversational coherency.
Outcome: The proposed metrics can be used as a surrogate for human judgment based on conversational coherence on large-scale datasets and provide an unbiased estimate for the quality of the responses.

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