Papers by Kris Cao

6 papers
Factorising AMR generation through syntax (N19-1)

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Challenge: Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is a semantic annotation framework which abstracts away from the surface form of text to capture the core 'who did what to whom' structure.
Approach: They propose to decompose the generation process into two steps: first generate a syntactic structure, and then generate the surface form.
Outcome: The proposed approach generates meaning-preserving syntactic paraphrases of the same graph, as judged by humans.
What is the best recipe for character-level encoder-only modelling? (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: aims to benchmark recent progress in language understanding models that output contextualised representations at the character level.
Approach: They aim to find the best way to build and train character-level BERT-like models by comparing architectural innovations with pretraining objectives.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms a token-based model on a set of evaluation tasks with a fixed training procedure.
You should evaluate your language model on marginal likelihood over tokenisations (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Neural language models typically tokenise input text into sub-word units to achieve an open vocabulary.
Approach: They propose that language models should be evaluated on their marginal likelihood over tokenisations instead.
Outcome: The proposed approach is unsatisfactory and may bottleneck model out-of-domain performance.
Seshat: a Tool for Managing and Verifying Annotation Campaigns of Audio Data (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Seshat is a software for the automated management of annotation campaigns for audio/speech data.
Approach: They propose a system for the automated management of annotation campaigns for audio/speech data which addresses these challenges.
Outcome: The proposed system computes an associated inter-annotator agreement with the gamma measure taking into account the categorisation and segmentation discrepancies.
One Tokenizer To Rule Them All: Emergent Language Plasticity via Multilingual Tokenizers (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to train multilingual large language models for many languages at once are limited due to limited model capacity, scarce high-quality data, and compute constraints.
Approach: They propose to use a universal tokenizer to improve language plasticity and adaptability to new languages by up to 20%.
Outcome: The proposed tokenizer improves language plasticity and improves plasticity towards languages that are completely unseen in the tokenizer and pretraining, by up to 5% win rate gain.
Unpacking Tokenization: Evaluating Text Compression and its Correlation with Model Performance (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Despite being the cornerstone of BPE, the importance of compression in the tokenization process is still unclear.
Approach: They argue for the theoretical importance of compression in the tokenization process . they also demonstrate the empirical importance of compressing tokenizers for downstream success of pre-trained language models.
Outcome: The proposed method can be viewed as 0-gram language modeling where equal probability is assigned to all tokens.

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