Challenge: Multilingual individuals code switch between languages as part of a complex communication process.
Approach: They propose to model the social and contextual factors eliciting code switching in a rich contextual environment by analyzing 330K articles and 389K comments labeled for code switching behavior.
Outcome: The proposed model shows that topic-driven variation, tribal affiliation, emotional valence, and audience design all play complementary roles in behavior.

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A Survey of Code-switching: Linguistic and Social Perspectives for Language Technologies (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: linguistic and social aspects of code-switching are not discussed in the literature in linguistics.
Approach: They propose to examine linguistic and social aspects of code-switching across a wide range of languages in a survey of the literature in linguistics and language technologies.
Outcome: The proposed framework aims to increase the clarity and depth of computational investigations of C-S and bridge the fields so that they might be mutually reinforcing.
The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challenges (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Code-Switching is a common phenomenon in written text and conversation . it is not so common to observe code-switching in spoken language and not in written language .
Approach: They present a systematic survey on code-switching research in natural language processing to understand the progress of the past decades and conceptualize the challenges and tasks on the topic.
Outcome: The proposed model combines linguistic theories and machine learning techniques to understand the code-switching phenomenon.
CodeSwitch-Reddit: Exploration of Written Multilingual Discourse in Online Discussion Forums (D19-55)

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Challenge: a dataset of written multilingual productions is released to explore the sociolinguistic underpinnings of written code-switching .
Approach: They use a reddit discussion platform to collect written code-switched productions . they examine whether oral code-witching findings are carried over to written code .
Outcome: The proposed dataset can facilitate a range of research and practical activities.
CodeSwitch-Reddit: Exploration of Written Multilingual Discourse in Online Discussion Forums (D19-1)

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Challenge: a dataset of written code-switched productions is curated from topical threads of multiple bilingual communities on the Reddit discussion platform.
Approach: They analyze a dataset of written code-switched productions curated from multiple bilingual communities on the reddit discussion platform and examine whether findings are carried over to written codeswitching in discussion forums.
Outcome: The proposed dataset can facilitate a range of research and practical activities.
Automatic Identification of Code-Switching Functions in Speech Transcripts (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Code-switching, or switching between languages, occurs for many reasons and has important linguistic, sociological, and cultural implications.
Approach: They build a system to identify a wide range of functions for which speakers code-switch in everyday speech with an accuracy of 75% . they use a dataset of Hindi-English code-witched data to analyze their results .
Outcome: The proposed system can identify a wide range of functions for which speakers code-switch in everyday speech, with an accuracy of 75% across all functions.
Processing and Understanding Mixed Language Data (D19-2)

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Challenge: Multilingual communities exhibit code-mixing, mixing of two or more languages in a single conversation . social media and other informal interactive platforms are allowing code-switching in user-generated text .
Approach: a tutorial aims to provide a foundation for researchers to study code-mixing in multilingual communities.
Outcome: a tutorial aims to provide new researchers with a foundation in linguistics and computational aspects of code-mixing.
Investigating and Scaling up Code-Switching for Multilingual Language Model Pre-Training (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable multilingual capabilities despite the extreme language imbalance in the pre-training data.
Approach: They investigate the existence of code-switching in the pre-training corpus and categorize it into four types within two quadrants.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves performance across benchmarks and representation space.
Lost in the Mix: Evaluating LLM Understanding of Code-Switched Text (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Code-switching (CSW) is widespread in multilingual communities and increasingly prevalent in online content.
Approach: They propose a pipeline for producing linguistically grounded CSW variants of established benchmarks across five typologically diverse languages.
Outcome: The proposed model sets show that inserting non-English tokens into English reduces accuracy on comprehension and reasoning benchmarks, whereas embedding English into non- English contexts often improves it.
A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Code-switching (CSW) is a common linguistic phenomenon in multilingual societies . current literature on CSW in the arab world is limited to the Arabic language .
Approach: They present a review of the literature in the field of code-switched Arabic NLP . they propose recommendations for future research .
Outcome: This review provides a broad perspective on the current literature in the field of code-switched Arabic NLP . it also provides recommendations for future research .
Analyzing the Role of Part-of-Speech in Code-Switching: A Corpus-Based Study (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Code-switching (CS) is a common linguistic phenomenon wherein speakers fluidly transition between languages in conversation.
Approach: They propose to use a part-of-speech (POS)-based analysis of Spanish-English and Mandarin-English corpora to examine the propensity of bilinguals to engage in CS.
Outcome: The findings confirm the existence of a statistically significant connection between POS and the likelihood of CS across language pairs, but show that it diminishes as tokens distance themselves from CS instances.

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