Challenge: Existing studies have shown that distributional semantic models can be used to decode fMRI patterns associated with specific aspects of semantic composition, such as the negation function.
Approach: They apply lexical and compositional semantic models to decode fMRI patterns associated with negated and affirmative sentences containing hand-action verbs.
Outcome: The proposed models show reduced decoding of sentences where the verb is in the negated context, as compared to the affirmative one, within brain regions implicated in action-semantic processing.

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Challenge: Existing research has focused on applying semantic models to decode brain activity associated with the meaning of individual words.
Approach: They evaluate a range of semantic models to capture metaphor processing in the brain . they found that compositional models and word embeddings capture differences in the processing of literal and metaphoric sentences .
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From Brain Space to Distributional Space: The Perilous Journeys of fMRI Decoding (P19-2)

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Challenge: Recent work in cognitive neuroscience has introduced models for predicting distributional word meaning representations from brain imaging data.
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Understanding by Understanding Not: Modeling Negation in Language Models (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Negation is a core construction in natural language, but state-of-the-art pre-trained language models often handle it incorrectly.
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Compositional Generalization via Semantic Tagging (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing neural sequence-to-sequence models fail at compositional generalization, i.e., they cannot generalize to unseen compositions of seen components.
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Encoding and Decoding Language in the Brain with Language Models (2026.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: This tutorial introduces brain-language model alignment and recent advances in brain-informed fine-tuning and brain-based fine-caching with language models.
Approach: This tutorial introduces brain-language model alignment and recent advances in brain-informed fine-tuning and scaling with language models.
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Unveiling Multi-level and Multi-modal Semantic Representations in the Human Brain using Large Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have assessed different levels of semantic content, such as speech, objects, and stories, separately.
Approach: They used functional magnetic resonance imaging to record brain activity while watching 8.3 hours of dramas and movies.
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Which Sense Dominates Multisensory Semantic Understanding? A Brain Decoding Study (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Decoding semantic meanings from brain activity is open to multisensory stimulation, as word meanings can be delivered by both auditory and visual inputs.
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Revisiting subword tokenization: A case study on affixal negation in large language models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Negation is central to language understanding but is not properly captured by modern NLP methods.
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Speech language models lack important brain-relevant semantics (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent work shows that text-based language models predict both text- and speech-evoked brain activity.
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The Impact of Negated Text on Hallucination with Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies on hallucination in large language models (LLMs) have been actively progressing in natural language processing.
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