Challenge: Existing research has focused on applying semantic models to decode brain activity associated with the meaning of individual words.
Approach: They evaluate a range of semantic models to capture metaphor processing in the brain . they found that compositional models and word embeddings capture differences in the processing of literal and metaphoric sentences .
Outcome: The proposed models capture differences in the processing of literal and metaphoric sentences, providing support for the idea that the literal meaning is not fully accessible during familiar metaphor comprehension.

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Challenge: Existing studies have shown that distributional semantic models can be used to decode fMRI patterns associated with specific aspects of semantic composition, such as the negation function.
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Linking artificial and human neural representations of language (D19-1)

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Challenge: a pre-trained BERT architecture is used to fine-tune sentence encoding models on a variety of natural language understanding (NLU) tasks.
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Measuring Meaning Composition in the Human Brain with Composition Scores from Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing computational metric to quantify extent of meaning composition is lacking . despite extensive neurolinguistic research, understanding how meaning is constructed is difficult .
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From Brain Space to Distributional Space: The Perilous Journeys of fMRI Decoding (P19-2)

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Challenge: Recent work in cognitive neuroscience has introduced models for predicting distributional word meaning representations from brain imaging data.
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Recent advances in neural metaphor processing: A linguistic, cognitive and social perspective (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Metaphor processing systems have benefited from recent studies on the role of metaphor in communication and deep learning for natural language processing.
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The Interplay between Metaphors and NLP (2026.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: This tutorial will provide an overview of the metaphor processing field.
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Outcome: The tutorial will discuss the influence of various metaphor theories on the creation of annotated resources and models.
Which Sense Dominates Multisensory Semantic Understanding? A Brain Decoding Study (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Decoding semantic meanings from brain activity is open to multisensory stimulation, as word meanings can be delivered by both auditory and visual inputs.
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Encoding and Decoding Language in the Brain with Language Models (2026.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: This tutorial introduces brain-language model alignment and recent advances in brain-informed fine-tuning and brain-based fine-caching with language models.
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Multi-view and Cross-view Brain Decoding (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: a recent study has shown that brain decoding models can decode concepts from single view . a multi-view decoder can take brain recordings for any view as input and predict the concept .
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Unveiling Multi-level and Multi-modal Semantic Representations in the Human Brain using Large Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have assessed different levels of semantic content, such as speech, objects, and stories, separately.
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