Challenge: Existing t-tests for cross-validation (CV) are inappropriate for model comparison . existing t tests for cross validation (CV), such as 52 CV t test and F ttest, are inadequate .
Approach: They propose to use a block-regularized 32 CV to compare two NLP models . they calibrate the posterior distributions of P, R, and F1 and derive an accurate interval estimation of P and R .
Outcome: The proposed model could regularize the difference in certain frequency distributions over linguistic units and yield stable estimators of P, R, and F1.

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Challenge: a recent study raises concerns about the use of standard splits to compare models . we compare the performance of six English part-of-speech taggers to those of other models based on standard split analysis .
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Factual Confidence of LLMs: on Reliability and Robustness of Current Estimators (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) tend to be unreliable on fact-based answers.
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Semantic Accuracy in Natural Language Generation: A Thesis Proposal (2023.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Using large pre-trained language models, it is essential to research their reliability . if a human does not know the answer to a question, the socially acceptable behavior is to say 'I do not know' failing to fulfill this expectation can lead to distrust, or spread of misinformation.
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Precise Model Benchmarking with Only a Few Observations (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Accurate evaluation of large language models is crucial for identifying their strengths and weaknesses.
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Please, Don’t Forget the Difference and the Confidence Interval when Seeking for the State-of-the-Art Status (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: comparing NLP systems by performance has become an essential question . comparing systems by performing performance criterion is criticized for allowing chance to determine superiority .
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Towards Robust Comparisons of NLP Models: A Case Study (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing statistical tests to compare the test scores of different NLP models have been proposed to account for nuisance factors such as noise, randomness, or hyperparameter values.
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Semantic Evaluation of Multilingual Data-to-Text Generation via NLI Fine-Tuning: Precision, Recall and F1 scores (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: KG-to-Text models are prone to errors like Additions and Omissions, and few languages are taken into account since both train and test data are not readily available.
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SCORE: Systematic COnsistency and Robustness Evaluation for Large Language Models (2025.naacl-industry)

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Challenge: Typical evaluations of Large Language Models (LLMs) report a single accuracy metric per dataset, often derived from an optimized setup.
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Cross-Lingual Consistency of Factual Knowledge in Multilingual Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual large-scale pretrained language models store factual knowledge, but large variations are observed across languages.
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Uncertainty in Language Models: Assessment through Rank-Calibration (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Language Models (LMs) have shown promising performance in natural language generation . however, it is crucial to correctly quantify their level of uncertainty in responding to inputs.
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