Challenge: Recent work has shown that reinforcement learning (RL) can be scaled to games with large state-action spaces, achieving human-level performance or even superhuman performance.
Approach: They propose to use bandit feedback to improve sequence-to-sequence learning by simulating reward signals by evaluation metrics such as BLEU, F1-score, or ROUGE.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve performance even from small amounts of human feedback, pointing to a great potential for applications at larger scale.

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Can Neural Machine Translation be Improved with User Feedback? (N18-3)

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Challenge: a recent study has focused on the use of explicit and implicit feedback for neural machine translation (NMT) a new study uses explicit and implied feedback to improve performance of NMT with human reinforcement.
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A Study of Reinforcement Learning for Neural Machine Translation (D18-1)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective approach for improving the performance of neural machine translation systems.
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Navigating Noisy Feedback: Enhancing Reinforcement Learning with Error-Prone Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Reward hacking is a problem in reinforcement learning where the ability to specify the desired behavior of a reward function is difficult.
Approach: They propose to use feedback as a potential-based shaping function to solicit and apply feedback from large language models to improve convergence speed and policy returns.
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Improving a Neural Semantic Parser by Counterfactual Learning from Human Bandit Feedback (P18-1)

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Challenge: a recent study shows that counterfactual learning from human bandit feedback can improve neural semantic parsers . cost and difficulty of manually preparing large amounts of parses is a bottleneck for supervised learning .
Approach: They propose to use human bandit feedback to apply counterfactual learning to neural parsing . they devise an easy-to-use interface to collect human feedback on semantic parses .
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Curiosity-Driven Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has proven effective in aligning large language models with human preferences, but often at the cost of reduced output diversity.
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Breaking Consensus Bias: Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning for Machine Translation (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing RL approaches for MT face fixed references or the production of homogeneous references leading to mode collapse in unsupervised settings.
Approach: They propose an Entropy-Driven Unsupervised RL framework for machine translation that leverages entropy for supervision construction and self-evolution.
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Simulating Bandit Learning from User Feedback for Extractive Question Answering (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Explicit feedback from users can be used to continually improve system performance.
Approach: They study the potential of learning from user feedback for extractive question answering by simulating feedback using supervised data.
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Prototypical Reward Network for Data-Efficient Model Alignment (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a reward model that fine-tunes Large Language Models (LLMs) by utilizing Prototypical Networks.
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Revisiting the Weaknesses of Reinforcement Learning for Neural Machine Translation (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: In neural sequence-to-sequence learning, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has gained popularity due to the suitability of Policy Gradient (PG) methods for the end-to end training paradigm.
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Feedback Attribution for Counterfactual Bandit Learning in Multi-Domain Spoken Language Understanding (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a large amount of labeled data is needed for fine-tuning.
Approach: They propose attribution methods inspired by multi-agent reinforcement learning for a feedback attribution problem in spoken language understanding.
Outcome: The proposed methods can train competitive models from user feedback.

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