Challenge: a heterogeneous training dataset can vary in characteristics such as domain, translation quality, and degree of difficulty.
Approach: They propose to use reinforcement learning to learn an optimal curriculum for NMT training . they find it can beat uniform baselines and hand-designed, state-of-the-art curricula .
Outcome: The proposed approach beats baselines and hand-designed curricula on English-to-French datasets.

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A Study of Reinforcement Learning for Neural Machine Translation (D18-1)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective approach for improving the performance of neural machine translation systems.
Approach: They propose to leverage reinforcement learning to boost the performance of NMT systems trained with monolingual data.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves competitive results on translation tasks in English-German, Chinese-English and English-English systems.
Data Selection Curriculum for Neural Machine Translation (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Neural Machine Translation models are typically trained on heterogeneous data that are concatenated and randomly shuffled.
Approach: They propose a two-stage curriculum training framework where a NMT model is fine-tuned on subsets of data, selected by deterministic scoring and online scoring.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves on six language pairs comprising low- and high-resource languages and shows up to +2.2 BLEU improvement and faster convergence.
Competence-based Curriculum Learning for Neural Machine Translation (N19-1)

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Challenge: Existing NMT systems require specialized heuristics and large batch sizes.
Approach: They propose a curriculum learning framework for NMT that reduces training time and costs . framework consists of a principled way of deciding which training samples are shown to the model .
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Token-wise Curriculum Learning for Neural Machine Translation (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing curriculum learning approaches to Neural Machine Translation (NMT) require sampling sufficient amounts of “easy” samples from training data at the early stage of training.
Approach: They propose a token-wise curriculum learning approach that creates sufficient amounts of easy samples from training data.
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Norm-Based Curriculum Learning for Neural Machine Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms strong baselines in terms of BLEU score (+1.17/+1.56) and training speedup (2.22x/3.33x).
Approach: They propose a norm-based curriculum learning method that measures difficulty, competence and weight of a sentence in a word embedding.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baselines in terms of BLEU score (+1.17/+1.56) and training speedup (2.22x/3.33x).
Self-Paced Learning for Neural Machine Translation (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies have shown that the training of neural machine translation (NMT) rely on the quality of artificial schedule drawn up with the handcrafted features, e.g. sentence length or word rarity.
Approach: They propose to train NMT model using a self-paced learning approach that allows it to quantify the learning confidence over training examples and flexibly govern its learning via regulating the loss in each iteration step.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baseline models and those trained with human-designed curricula on translation quality and convergence speed.
Bridging the Gap between Training and Inference: Multi-Candidate Optimization for Diverse Neural Machine Translation (2022.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing diverse NMT models lack translation diversity due to a discrepancy between training and inference . despite the success of diverse NTM, there is still a lack of translation diversity .
Approach: They propose a multi-candidate optimization framework for diverse NMT to deal with this defect.
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Curriculum Learning for Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation (N19-1)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation (NMT) performance drops when domains do not match and in-domain training data is scarce.
Approach: They propose a curriculum learning approach to adapt generic neural machine translation models to a specific domain.
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Dynamic Curriculum Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on neural machine translation (NMT) has demonstrated impressive performance improvements and became the de-facto standard.
Approach: They propose a dynamic curriculum learning method to reorder training samples in training using a Transformer-based system.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baselines on three low-resource machine translation benchmarks and different sized data of WMT’16 En-De.
Machine Translation for Machines: the Sentiment Classification Use Case (D19-1)

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Challenge: Traditionally, machine translation (MT) pursues a "human-oriented" objective: generating fluent output for a downstream task.
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