Challenge: Several strategies have been proposed to overcome the projectivity constraint by introducing transition-based dependency parsers that can build non-projective dependencies.
Approach: They propose a modification of dynamic oracles to allow use of non-projective data . their method consistently outperforms traditional projectivization and pseudo-projectivisation approaches .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms projectivization and pseudo-projectivisation methods on 73 treebanks and achieves significant gains for non-projective languages.

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A Dynamic Oracle for Linear-Time 2-Planar Dependency Parsing (N18-2)

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Challenge: Existing dynamic oracles for greedy parsers can handle non-projective syntax, but none are available for these types of training.
Approach: They propose an efficient dynamic oracle for training the 2-Planar transition-based parser with over 99% coverage on non-projective syntactic corpora.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the static training strategy in the vast majority of languages tested and scored better on most datasets than the arc-hybrid parser enhanced with the Swap transition.
Global Transition-based Non-projective Dependency Parsing (P18-1)

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Challenge: Until recently, transition-based dependency parsers were limited to approximate inference due to their incompatibility with rich feature models.
Approach: They propose a transition-based parser with high coverage on non-projective treebanks to support non- projective parsing.
Outcome: The proposed approach is more efficient than its projective counterpart in non-projective languages.
Non-Projective Dependency Parsing with Non-Local Transitions (N18-2)

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Challenge: Existing greedy transition-based parsers are prone to error propagation when creating arcs involving multiple transitions.
Approach: They propose a greedy transition-based parser that introduces non-local transitions that create arcs involving nodes to the left of the current focus positions.
Outcome: The proposed system outperforms the original version and achieves the best accuracy on the Stanford Dependencies conversion of the Penn Treebank among greedy transition-based parsers.
Dynamic Oracles for Top-Down and In-Order Shift-Reduce Constituent Parsing (D18-1)

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Challenge: Top-down and in-order shift-reduce constituent parsers are the most accurate known shift-reducing algorithms for constituent paring.
Approach: They propose to use dynamic oracles to train two of the most accurate shift-reduce algorithms for constituent parsing.
Outcome: The proposed top-down and in-order shift-reduce parsers improve on the WSJ benchmark.
Calculating the optimal step of arc-eager parsing for non-projective trees (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: arc-eager parsers are often driven by a classifier that determines the next step given features extracted from the current configuration.
Approach: They propose to calculate the optimal next step of an arc-eager parser relative to a non-projective dependency structure in cubic time.
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Improving Coverage and Runtime Complexity for Exact Inference in Non-Projective Transition-Based Dependency Parsers (N18-2)

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Challenge: Non-projective dependency trees account for 12.59% of all training sentences in the annotated Universal Dependencies (UD) 2.1 data.
Approach: They generalize Cohen et al.'s (2011) parser to a family of non-projective transition-based dependency parsers allowing polynomial-time exact inference.
Outcome: The proposed system can be extended to include a variant that reduces time complexity to O(n6), improving over the known bounds in exact inference for non-projective transition-based parsing.
A Transition-Based Algorithm for Unrestricted AMR Parsing (N18-2)

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Challenge: Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is a semantic representation language to map the meaning of English sentences into directed, cycled, labeled graphs.
Approach: They propose a left-to-right non-projective transition-based parser that handles cycles and reentrancy natively within the transition system itself.
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4 and 7-bit Labeling for Projective and Non-Projective Dependency Trees (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: encodings that map trees into sequences of one discrete label per word have been proposed for constituency parsing and dependency parse.
Approach: They propose an encoding that can represent any projective dependency tree as a sequence of 4-bit labels, one per word.
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Headed-Span-Based Projective Dependency Parsing (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for dependency parsing based on headed spans are available.
Approach: They propose a method for projective dependency parsing based on headed spans.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art or competitive results on PTB, CTB, and UD Dependency parsing is an important task in natural language processing.
Parser Training with Heterogeneous Treebanks (P18-2)

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Challenge: In the 2017 CoNLL Shared Task on Universal Dependency Parsing, 25 languages have more than one treebank . many teams did not take advantage of the multiple treebanks, however, and trained one model per treebank instead of one model for each language.
Approach: They propose a method to make the most of heterogeneous treebanks when training a monolingual parser.
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