Challenge: Using BiLSTMs, highway connections, and character-level CNNs, we propose a graph-based Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) parser.
Approach: They propose a graph-based Tree Adjoining Grammar parser that uses BiLSTMs, highway connections, and character-level CNNs.
Outcome: The proposed parser outperforms the previously reported best by more than 2.2 LAS and UAS points.

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Challenge: Existing approaches to dependency parsing use exact and approximate inference to find the best parse tree.
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Challenge: Existing studies focus on frame semantic parsing as a graph construction problem.
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Challenge: Recent work on the impact of PoS tags on graph- and transition-based parsers suggests that they are only useful when tagging accuracy is prohibitively high or in low-resource scenarios.
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Challenge: In recent years, dependency parsing has shifted from discrete features to neural networks and continuous representations.
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Semantic Dependency Parsing with Edge GNNs (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing semantic dependency parsers use factor graphs to generate a tree structure, but they are ill-suited for a more complex semantic relationship representation.
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Tetra-Tagging: Word-Synchronous Parsing with Linear-Time Inference (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Using custom architectures, constituency parsers are limited and require specialized hardware.
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