| Challenge: | a task is underway to create a dependency tree bank for the Ainu language in the scheme of Universal Dependencies (UD). |
| Approach: | They propose to create a dependency tree bank for the Ainu language in the scheme of Universal Dependencies (UD) their mini-lexicon is encoded under the W3C OntoLex specification with UD and UniMorph features with the system-friendly JSON-LD format and is bearable to future extensions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed tree bank contains 10,000 word tokens and is small enough to be used as a base annotation for the next step. |
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Universal Dependencies v2: An Evergrowing Multilingual Treebank Collection (2020.lrec-1)
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Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Jan Hajič, Christopher D. Manning, Sampo Pyysalo, Sebastian Schuster, Francis Tyers, Daniel Zeman
| Challenge: | Universal Dependencies is an open community effort to create cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages. |
| Approach: | They describe version 2 of the universal guidelines and discuss major changes from UD v1 to UD 2 . they propose a morphological layer, a syntactic layer and a word segmentation layer . |
| Outcome: | The proposed treebanks are available for 90 languages and have been updated to meet the needs of multilingual parsers and researchers. |
Universal Dependencies Version 2 for Japanese (L18-1)
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Masayuki Asahara, Hiroshi Kanayama, Takaaki Tanaka, Yusuke Miyao, Sumire Uematsu, Shinsuke Mori, Yuji Matsumoto, Mai Omura, Yugo Murawaki
| Challenge: | UD Japanese resources are built on automatic conversion from several treebanks. |
| Approach: | They propose to port the word delimitation, POS, and syntactic relations of existing treebanks to UD Japanese . they discuss the issues of the UD scheme found through porting of the Japanese language . |
| Outcome: | The proposed UD Japanese resources are based on automatic conversion from treebanks. |
Universal Dependencies for Amharic (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | Amharic is a morphologically rich language with a dependency relation between orthographic words and lexical categories. |
| Approach: | They propose to create an Amharic Dependency Treebank by POS tagging, morphological information and dependency relations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed treebanks are based on 1,096 sentences and are able to parse Amharic. |
CoNLL-UL: Universal Morphological Lattices for Universal Dependency Parsing (L18-1)
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Amir More, Özlem Çetinoğlu, Çağrı Çöltekin, Nizar Habash, Benoît Sagot, Djamé Seddah, Dima Taji, Reut Tsarfaty
| Challenge: | Using the universal dependencies framework, we address the need for a universal representation of morphological analysis that can capture alternative morphology of surface tokens and is compatible with the segmentation and morphologic annotation guidelines prescribed for UD treebanks. |
| Approach: | They propose a new annotation format for word lattices that represent morphological analyses and a resource that obeys this format for a range of typologically different languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can capture alternative morphological analyses of surface tokens and is compatible with the segmentation and morphology guidelines prescribed for UD treebanks. |
Spoken Language Treebanks in Universal Dependencies: an Overview (2022.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | spoken language treebanks have divergent annotation schemes limiting cross-resource explorations . many spoken language trees have no written form, but many of the world languages have no spoken form at all. |
| Approach: | They propose to use the Universal Dependencies annotation scheme to annotate spoken language treebanks using a morphosyntactic annotation scheme. |
| Outcome: | The proposed treebanks differ significantly with respect to the inventory and format of transcribed phenomena and the principles adopted in their morphosyntactic annotation. |
UCxn: Typologically-Informed Annotation of Constructions Atop Universal Dependencies (2024.lrec-main)
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Leonie Weissweiler, Nina Böbel, Kirian Guiller, Santiago Herrera, Wesley Samuel Scivetti, Arthur Lorenzi, Nurit Melnik, Archna Bhatia, Hinrich Schütze, Lori Levin, Amir Zeldes, Joakim Nivre, William Croft, Nathan Schneider
| Challenge: | Grammatical constructions that convey meaning through a particular combination of several morphosyntactic elements are not labeled holistically. |
| Approach: | They propose to augment UD annotations with a ‘UCxn’ annotation layer for such meaning-bearing grammatical constructions and to approach this in a typologically informed way so that morphosyntactic strategies can be compared across languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed annotation layer could be used to annotate meaning-bearing constructions across languages and to compare them across languages. |
Building Universal Dependency Treebanks in Korean (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | Several treebanks were introduced for Korean, all of which comprised annotation of morphemes and phrase structure trees, each following its own set of guidelines. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Korean treebanks as dependency trees and to analyze their performance using morpheme-level annotations. |
| Outcome: | The Korean portion of the Google UD Treebank, the Penn Korean Treebank and the KAIST Treebank are re-tokenized and assessed for errors. |
UDMorph: Morphosyntactically Tagged UD Corpora (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | a range of different problems exist in using annotated corpus data and training data . linguistic annotations are only available for a limited amount of typically major languages . |
| Approach: | a new corpus creation environment provides annotated corpus data for additional languages . a range of different problems exist in using these new tools and training data . |
| Outcome: | a new tool provides an infrastructure for annotated corpus data that follows UD guidelines . a GUI interface to a growing collection taggers with a CoNLL-U output is available for 150 languages . |
Treebanking User-Generated Content: A Proposal for a Unified Representation in Universal Dependencies (2020.lrec-1)
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Manuela Sanguinetti, Cristina Bosco, Lauren Cassidy, Özlem Çetinoğlu, Alessandra Teresa Cignarella, Teresa Lynn, Ines Rehbein, Josef Ruppenhofer, Djamé Seddah, Amir Zeldes
| Challenge: | Despite the increasing number of contributions on Part-of-Speech tagging and parsing, automatic processing of user-generated content (UGC) still represents a challenging task. |
| Approach: | They propose a set of guidelines for the annotation of user-generated texts within the Universal Dependencies framework. |
| Outcome: | The proposed annotation guidelines promote cross-linguistic consistency, which has always been in the spirit of UD. |
Creating a Parallel Icelandic Dependency Treebank from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Icelandic language is low-resource and is not yet considered in imminent danger . efforts underway to make it accessible and usable in Language Technology . |
| Approach: | They propose to build a parallel Icelandic dependency treebank based on Universal Dependencies (UD) this is the first parallel treebank resource for the language and several other languages already have one . |
| Outcome: | The proposed treebank is the first parallel treebank resource for the low-resource language . the project will be published as part of UD version 2.6. |