| Challenge: | spoken language treebanks have divergent annotation schemes limiting cross-resource explorations . many spoken language trees have no written form, but many of the world languages have no spoken form at all. |
| Approach: | They propose to use the Universal Dependencies annotation scheme to annotate spoken language treebanks using a morphosyntactic annotation scheme. |
| Outcome: | The proposed treebanks differ significantly with respect to the inventory and format of transcribed phenomena and the principles adopted in their morphosyntactic annotation. |
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Universal Dependencies v2: An Evergrowing Multilingual Treebank Collection (2020.lrec-1)
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Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Jan Hajič, Christopher D. Manning, Sampo Pyysalo, Sebastian Schuster, Francis Tyers, Daniel Zeman
| Challenge: | Universal Dependencies is an open community effort to create cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages. |
| Approach: | They describe version 2 of the universal guidelines and discuss major changes from UD v1 to UD 2 . they propose a morphological layer, a syntactic layer and a word segmentation layer . |
| Outcome: | The proposed treebanks are available for 90 languages and have been updated to meet the needs of multilingual parsers and researchers. |
UCxn: Typologically-Informed Annotation of Constructions Atop Universal Dependencies (2024.lrec-main)
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Leonie Weissweiler, Nina Böbel, Kirian Guiller, Santiago Herrera, Wesley Samuel Scivetti, Arthur Lorenzi, Nurit Melnik, Archna Bhatia, Hinrich Schütze, Lori Levin, Amir Zeldes, Joakim Nivre, William Croft, Nathan Schneider
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Building Universal Dependency Treebanks in Korean (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | Several treebanks were introduced for Korean, all of which comprised annotation of morphemes and phrase structure trees, each following its own set of guidelines. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Korean treebanks as dependency trees and to analyze their performance using morpheme-level annotations. |
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Investigating UD Treebanks via Dataset Difficulty Measures (2023.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Treebanks annotated with Universal Dependencies (UD) are currently available for over 100 languages and are only partially reflected in parser evaluations via accuracy metrics like LAS. |
| Approach: | They propose to use dataset cartography, V-information, and minimum description length to analyze UD treebanks using three accuracy-free methods to provide insights about them. |
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Development of a Multilingual CCG Treebank via Universal Dependencies Conversion (2022.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) is a lexicalized grammar formalism that can capture both syntactic and semantic information. |
| Approach: | They propose an algorithm to convert UD treebanks to CCG treebank and propose future extensions. |
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Treebanking User-Generated Content: A Proposal for a Unified Representation in Universal Dependencies (2020.lrec-1)
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Manuela Sanguinetti, Cristina Bosco, Lauren Cassidy, Özlem Çetinoğlu, Alessandra Teresa Cignarella, Teresa Lynn, Ines Rehbein, Josef Ruppenhofer, Djamé Seddah, Amir Zeldes
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MaiBaam: A Multi-Dialectal Bavarian Universal Dependency Treebank (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Despite the success of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, there is still a lack of diversity within high-resource languages and their closely related non-standard languages and dialects. |
| Approach: | They propose to annotate Bavarian with part-of-speech and syntactic dependency information manually in UD and to highlight morphosyntactical differences between the closely related languages. |
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A Universal Dependencies Treebank of Ancient Hebrew (2022.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Using a rule-based parser, we construct a treebank with morphological annotations of Ancient Hebrew . the Hebrew Scriptures are a collection of 39 books written in the first millennium BC in Ancient Hebrew. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a Universal Dependencies treebank with morphological annotations of Ancient Hebrew for comparative study with ancient translations and analysis of Hebrew syntax. |
| Outcome: | The proposed treebank can be used in comparative study with ancient translations and analysis of Hebrew syntax. |
I Speak for the Árboles: Developing a Dependency Treebank for Spanish L2 and Heritage Speakers (2025.acl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Existing dependency treebanks for learner writing are limited due to morphosyntactic features. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a dependency treebank for Spanish learner writing from the UC Davis COWSL2H corpus to incorporate lemmatization, POS tagging, and syntactic dependencies. |
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A New Latin Treebank for Universal Dependencies: Charters between Ancient Latin and Romance Languages (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Currently, Latin features the most data and the most treebanks of all the ancient languages of UD . |
| Approach: | They introduce a Latin treebank that follows the Universal Dependencies (UD) annotation standard . they use a translation of the late Latin Charter Treebank 2 (LLCT2) into the UD style . |
| Outcome: | The proposed treebank is based on the Universal Dependencies (UD) annotation standard. |