Challenge: Existing representational frameworks for emotion encoding are incompatible with semantic polarity, resulting in a large amount of incompatible emotion lexicons.
Approach: They propose to map different emotion representation formats onto each other for mutual compatibility and interoperability of language resources.
Outcome: The proposed method produces (near-)gold quality emotion lexicons even in crosslingual settings.

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Learning and Evaluating Emotion Lexicons for 91 Languages (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Emotion lexicons describe the affective meaning of words but are limited in coverage for most languages.
Approach: They propose a method for creating arbitrarily large emotion lexicons for any target language.
Outcome: The proposed method exceeds human reliability for some languages and variables.
Cross-Lingual Emotion Lexicon Induction using Representation Alignment in Low-Resource Settings (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Emotion lexicons provide information about associations between words and emotions.
Approach: They use crowdsourcing to annotate words with Plutchik's 8 basic emotions, providing binary labels.
Outcome: The proposed lexicons provide information about associations between words and emotions . the lexiconics are useful in emotional analyses of reviews, literary texts, and posts on social media .
Emotion Representation Mapping for Automatic Lexicon Construction (Mostly) Performs on Human Level (C18-1)

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Challenge: Emotion Representation Mapping (ERM) is an alternative to Word Emotion Induction (WEI) for automatic emotion lexicon construction.
Approach: They propose a neural network approach to ERM that converts existing emotion ratings from one representation format into another by mapping Valence-Arousal-Dominance annotations into Ekman’s Basic Emotions.
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Odi et Amo. Creating, Evaluating and Extending Sentiment Lexicons for Latin. (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: a new paper aims to provide sentiment analysis tools for ancient languages . the current sentiment analysis resources only cover modern languages based on textual typologies .
Approach: They propose to use manually-curated Latin lexicons to evaluate sentiment analysis tools . they propose a gold standard and a silver standard for evaluating lexical items .
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Towards Label-Agnostic Emotion Embeddings (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing representation schemes for emotion analysis are based on label formats, natural languages, and even disparate model architectures.
Approach: They propose a training scheme that learns a shared latent representation of emotion independent from different label formats, natural languages, and even disparate model architectures.
Outcome: The proposed model performs well on a wide range of datasets without penalizing prediction quality.
BRIGHTER: BRIdging the Gap in Human-Annotated Textual Emotion Recognition Datasets for 28 Languages (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Emotion recognition is an umbrella term for several NLP tasks, but most work on high-resource languages has focused on low-resourced languages.
Approach: They propose to use emotion recognition to describe perceived emotions in 28 different languages and across several domains to identify and annotate the datasets.
Outcome: The proposed datasets cover low-resource languages from Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America, with instances labeled by fluent speakers.
Guilt by Association: Emotion Intensities in Lexical Representations (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: linguistic models have a higher correlation with human ground truth ratings than labeled data . word vectors have often been evaluated on standard word relatedness benchmarks .
Approach: They propose to use unsupervised, supervised, and finally supervised methods to extract emotional associations from pretrained vectors and models.
Outcome: The proposed method shows higher correlation with ground truth ratings than state-of-the-art lexicons based on labeled data.
An Emotional Mess! Deciding on a Framework for Building a Dutch Emotion-Annotated Corpus (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing frameworks for emotion recognition are limited and do not allow for categorical versus dimensional oppositions.
Approach: They propose to use the emotions joy, love, anger, sadness and fear as well as dimensional models to annotate texts from different domains and topics.
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Lingmotif-lex: a Wide-coverage, State-of-the-art Lexicon for Sentiment Analysis (L18-1)

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Challenge: Sentiment Analysis is a subtask of Natural Language Processing.
Approach: They propose a new, domain-neutral lexicon for sentiment analysis in English . they test it on two publicly available sentiment analysis datasets .
Outcome: The proposed lexicon performs better than existing sentiment lexiconics on two publicly available datasets.
Best Practices in the Creation and Use of Emotion Lexicons (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Inappropriate and incorrect use of emotion lexicons can lead to harmful inferences .
Approach: They propose to present some of the practical and ethical considerations involved in the creation and use of emotion lexicons.
Outcome: The proposed lexicons can lead to harmful inferences and sub-optimal results . the aim is to provide a comprehensive set of practical and ethical considerations .

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