Challenge: Existing approaches to improve cross-lingual transfer learning on spoken language are pre-train on all available supervised data from another language.
Approach: They propose a language model based source-language data selection method for cross-lingual transfer learning in spoken language understanding.
Outcome: The proposed method reduces training time and improves model performance on spoken language understanding.

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Challenge: Cross-lingual transfer is a useful tool for improving performance of natural language processing (NLP) on low-resource languages.
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Cross-lingual Transfer of Monolingual Models (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual learning using multilingual models cast doubt on shared vocabulary and joint pre-training . et al. (2005) show that model knowledge learned in the source language enhances the learning of the target language independently of language proximity.
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Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Adapting large language models to other languages often suffers from an overemphasis on English performance.
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Analyzing the Evaluation of Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfer in Multilingual Language Models (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in training multilingual models on large datasets have shown promising results in knowledge transfer across languages.
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Multi-Source Cross-Lingual Model Transfer: Learning What to Share (P19-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual transfer learning (CLTL) is a viable method for building NLP models for a low-resource target language . however, many languages lack the labeled training data necessary for training deep neural nets for varying NLP tasks.
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A Survey of Multilingual Models for Automatic Speech Recognition (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems have achieved human-like performance for a few languages, but the majority of the world’s languages do not have usable systems due to the lack of large speech datasets to train these models.
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Make the Best of Cross-lingual Transfer: Evidence from POS Tagging with over 100 Languages (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual generalisability of large pre-trained models use English training data and test data in unseen languages.
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Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning for Speech Translation (2025.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Increasing interest in building multilingual foundation models for NLP and speech research has led to limited data collection for training ST systems.
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T3L: Translate-and-Test Transfer Learning for Cross-Lingual Text Classification (2023.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to cross-lingual text classification leverage text classifiers trained in a high-resource language to perform text classification in other languages with no or minimal fine-tuning.
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Unknown Script: Impact of Script on Cross-Lingual Transfer (2024.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing models for high-resource languages are not available for all languages, and the vast majority of the world's languages are excluded from these models.
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