Challenge: Existing methods for learning word and entity representations in monolingual settings are limited.
Approach: They propose a method for joint representation learning of cross-lingual words and entities that captures mutually complementary knowledge and enables cross-linguistic inferences.
Outcome: The proposed method captures mutually complementary knowledge and enables cross-lingual inferences among knowledge bases and texts.

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Joint Multilingual Supervision for Cross-lingual Entity Linking (D18-1)

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Challenge: Entity Linking (XEL) systems ground entity mentions written in any language to Wikipedia . XEL is challenging for most languages due to limited availability of resources as supervision .
Approach: They develop a cross-lingual XEL approach that combines supervision from multiple languages jointly.
Outcome: The proposed approach significantly improves on the current state-of-the-art in 8 languages.
Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning (P19-4)

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Challenge: a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations is presented .
Approach: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of recent work on weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations.
Outcome: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised word representations.
Polyglot Contextual Representations Improve Crosslingual Transfer (N19-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for crosslingual transfer use multilingual word embeddings, but contextual word representations are not yet available.
Approach: They propose a method to produce multilingual contextual word representations by training a single language model on text from multiple languages.
Outcome: The proposed method compares model models to monolingual and non-contextual variants and shows that polyglot learning can be beneficial for multilingual representations.
Cross-lingual Spoken Language Understanding with Regularized Representation Alignment (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: despite promising results, current cross-lingual models suffer from imperfect cross-linguistic representation alignments between the source and target languages, which makes the performance sub-optimal.
Approach: They propose a regularization approach to align word-level and sentence-level representations across languages without external resources.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models in few-shot and zero-shot scenarios and achieves comparable performance to supervised training with all training data.
On the Robustness of Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Cross-lingual Word Embedding Learning (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual word embeddings are vector representations of words in different languages where words with similar meaning are represented by similar vectors, regardless of the language.
Approach: They propose to evaluate multiple cross-lingual word embedding models and compare their strengths and limitations to evaluate their effectiveness.
Outcome: The proposed models perform well with noisy text and language pairs with major differences.
A Multi-task Approach to Learning Multilingual Representations (P18-2)

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Challenge: Using a multi-task model, we learn word and sentence embeddings in a single task.
Approach: They propose a multi-task modeling approach that trains a skip-gram model and a cross-lingual sentence similarity model to learn word and sentence embeddings together.
Outcome: The proposed model can learn word and sentence embeddings in a multilingual distributed representations of text using a cross-lingual sentence similarity model.
Cross-lingual Joint Entity and Word Embedding to Improve Entity Linking and Parallel Sentence Mining (D19-61)

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Challenge: Entities can be used as effective signals to generate less ambiguous semantic representations and align multiple languages.
Approach: They propose a method to generate cross-lingual data that is a mix of entities and contextual words based on Wikipedia.
Outcome: The proposed method can generate cross-lingual data that is a mix of entities and contextual words based on Wikipedia . it provides reliable alignment on word/entity level and sentence level, and thus can be used for unsupervised cross-linguistic entity linking.
Cross-Lingual Syntactic Transfer through Unsupervised Adaptation of Invertible Projections (P19-1)

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Challenge: Current systems for syntactic analysis tasks rely heavily on large scale annotated data.
Approach: They propose to learn a generative model with a structured prior that uses labeled source and unlabeled target data jointly.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing tasks on English as the only source corpus and on a wide range of target languages.
Language Embeddings for Typology and Cross-lingual Transfer Learning (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent efforts to leverage multilingual datasets highlight potential of multilingual models that can perform well across various languages.
Approach: They propose to generate language representations that capture relationships among languages and evaluate them using WALS and two extrinsic tasks.
Outcome: The proposed model can be leveraged in cross-lingual tasks without parallel data . the proposed model is based on the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) and two extrinsic tasks .
A Simple Approach to Learning Unsupervised Multilingual Embeddings (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on unsupervised cross-lingual embeddings in the bilingual setting has given the impetus to learning a shared embeddable space for several languages.
Approach: They propose to solve two sub-problems together to learn a shared embedding space for several languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing methods in bilingual lexicon induction, cross-lingual word similarity, multilingual document classification, and multilingual dependency parsing tasks.

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