LEAF: Towards Lightweight Explainable Hateful Video Detection via Self-Grounding CoT Guided Stage-Wise Distillation (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for detecting hateful videos rely on opaque models with no insight into their decisions. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight, explainable video detection framework that distills "explainability" from LMMs into efficient Smaller Multimodal Models (SMMs) they use a self-grounded chain-of-thought mechanism to generate unbiased supervision signals for videos . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods in detection accuracy and explainability on three video benchmarks. |
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HVGuard: Utilizing Multimodal Large Language Models for Hateful Video Detection (2025.emnlp-main)
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Yiheng Jing, Mingming Zhang, Yong Zhuang, Jiacheng Guo, Juan Wang, Xiaoyang Xu, Wenzhe Yi, Keyan Guo, Hongxin Hu
| Challenge: | Existing methods for hateful video detection rely on unimodal analysis or feature fusion . Existing tools struggle to capture cross-modal interactions and reason through implicit hate in sarcasm and metaphor . |
| Approach: | They propose a reasoning-based hateful video detection framework with multimodal large language models . they integrate Chain-of-Thought reasoning to enhance multimodal interaction modeling . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing tools on two public datasets covering English and Chinese. |
SMARTER: A Data-efficient Framework to Improve Toxicity Detection with Explanation via Self-augmenting Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Toxic content encompasses a wide spectrum of terminologies whose definitions vary by platform. |
| Approach: | They propose a 2-stage framework for explainable content moderation using Large Language Models (LLMs) they leverage LLMs’ own outputs to generate synthetic explanations for correct and incorrect labels . they refine explanation quality through cross-model training, allowing weaker models to align with stronger ones. |
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MemeIntel: Explainable Detection of Propagandistic and Hateful Memes (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for label detection and explanation generation have been limited in understanding complex issues . identifying propaganda and hate in memes is essential for combating misinformation and minimizing harm . |
| Approach: | They propose an explanation-enhanced dataset for propaganda memes in Arabic and hateful memes on English to solve these tasks. |
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Thesis Proposal: An Explainable Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Content in Code-Switched Children’s Media (2026.acl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Current content moderation systems fail to protect children from harmful content, especially in under-resourced, code-switched settings. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate a fine-tuned classifier with an LLM-powered module that synthesizes the classifier’s internal evidential signals to generate faithful, human-readable rationales for each decision. |
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HateCOT: An Explanation-Enhanced Dataset for Generalizable Offensive Speech Detection via Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Social media has amplified the propagation of hateful sentiments, highlighting the contested nature of "offensive content" research shows that "of offensive content" is still a contested construct due to varying definitions and labeling. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset that features human-curated explanations for offensive content in English . they show that HateCOT pretraining improves performance of open-source LLMs . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on three benchmark datasets for offensive content detection . the model improve the quality of its explanations, as confirmed by the human evaluation . |
SAGE: Synergistic Adaptive Gating of Experts for Hateful Video Detection (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for hateful video detection rely on multimodal feature fusion . existing methods rely only on blind feature mixing, which leads to feature dilution . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that shifts from blind feature mixing to decision-level arbitration . it instantiates disentangled experts to rigorously preserve modality-specific semantics . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods on HateMM and MultiHateClip benchmarks. |
HARE: Explainable Hate Speech Detection with Step-by-Step Reasoning (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Recent benchmarks have attempted to identify and explain hate speech but lack the reasoning to supervise detection models. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that uses large language models to fill in the gaps in hate speech explanations by using existing annotations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines on SBIC and Implicit Hate using model-generated data and improves generalization to unseen datasets. |
Robust Adaptation of Large Multimodal Models for Retrieval Augmented Hateful Meme Detection (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have shown promise in hateful meme detection, but they face limitations like sub-optimal performance and limited out-of-domain generalization capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a robust adaptation framework for hateful meme detection that enhances in-domain accuracy and cross-domain generalization while preserving the general vision-language capabilities of LMMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms larger agentic systems in detecting hateful memes under adversarial attacks while maintaining the general vision-language capabilities of LMMs. |
Recent Advances in Online Hate Speech Moderation: Multimodality and the Role of Large Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | HS is any communication demeaning a person or a group based on social or ethnic characteristics that undermines social harmony and individual safety . the recent Israel-Hamas conflict has escalated both anti-Muslim and anti-Semitic sentiments worldwide . |
| Approach: | They examine the role of large language models and large multimodal models in HS moderation . they examine how text, images, and audio interact to spread hate speech . |
| Outcome: | The findings highlight the need for solutions in low-resource settings and highlight the gaps in existing methods. |
Probing LLMs for hate speech detection: strengths and vulnerabilities (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Recent efforts to detect hateful or toxic language using large language models have not used explanation, additional context and victim community information in the detection process. |
| Approach: | They use different prompt variations, input information and victim community information to evaluate large language models in zero shot setting without adding any in-context examples. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models perform significantly better when included in the pipeline than baseline models. |