Challenge: despite advances in foundation model research, the relationship between large language models and their calibration remains an open area of research.
Approach: They examine a gap in the calibration of large language models within multilingual settings to better understand how data scarcity can potentially lead to different calibration effects.
Outcome: The proposed calibration gap is found in two multilingual benchmarks over 29 and 42 languages.

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On the Calibration of Large Language Models and Alignment (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models are becoming more popular and are proving to be reliable . however, their reliability is often understudied due to their uncertainty and complex structure .
Approach: They conduct a systematic examination of the calibration of aligned language models throughout the entire construction process including pretraining and alignment training.
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Is It Good Data for Multilingual Instruction Tuning or Just Bad Multilingual Evaluation for Large Language Models? (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing practices of fine-tuning and evaluating multilingual large language models may not align with this objective due to a heavy reliance on translation.
Approach: They propose to use translated or native instruction data to fine-tune multilingual large language models.
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Investigating Multilingual Instruction-Tuning: Do Polyglot Models Demand for Multilingual Instructions? (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a study of multilingual pre-trained LLMs on parallel instruction-tuning benchmarks shows that instruction-following models can be used across languages by up to 9.9%.
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Multilingual Instruction Tuning With Just a Pinch of Multilinguality (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Using multilingual instruction tuning, large language models can be used to follow instructions in multiple languages . a multilingual model can be tuned on a wide range of languages, yet most datasets are limited to English .
Approach: They investigate how multilinguality during instruction tuning affects instruction-following across languages . they find that only 40 multilingual examples improve multilingual instruction- follow .
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How Many Languages Make Good Multilingual Instruction Tuning? A Case Study on BLOOM (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Many large language models (LLMs) support many languages, while others only support a few, e.g. the Llama series.
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Getting More from Less: Large Language Models are Good Spontaneous Multilingual Learners (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive language capabilities, but most of them have very unbalanced performance across different languages.
Approach: They propose to use question translation data to enhance LLMs' multilingual capabilities by using mechanistic interpretability methods.
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On the Calibration of Massively Multilingual Language Models (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Massively Multilingual Language Models (MMLMs) have gained popularity due to their effectiveness in cross-lingual transfer.
Approach: They investigate how well calibrated MMLMs are with respect to confidence . they find that calibration methods like temperature scaling and label smoothing improve calibration .
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Calibrating Beyond English: Language Diversity for Better Quantized Multilingual LLMs (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing quantization methods typically use small, English-only calibration sets . however, their impact on multilingual models remains underexplored .
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The Language Barrier: Dissecting Safety Challenges of LLMs in Multilingual Contexts (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that malicious prompt instructions could solicit objectionable content from LLMs.
Approach: They compare how state-of-the-art LLMs respond to malicious prompts in different languages . they find that LLM's generate unsafe responses more often when a prompt is written in a lower-resource language .
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Do Large Language Models have an English Accent? Evaluating and Improving the Naturalness of Multilingual LLMs (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Current Large Language Models (LLMs) are predominantly designed with English as the primary language, but many are still English-dominated.
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