Challenge: Existing studies have focused on text-based cognitive reframing, but neglected the importance of non-verbal evidence in real-life therapy.
Approach: They propose a dataset that pairs each GPT-4-generated dialogue with an image that reflects the virtual client’s facial expressions to better mirror real psychotherapy, where facial expression leads to interpreting implicit emotional evidence.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing methods with LLMs and vision-language models and provides more thoughtful and empathetic suggestions.

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are used in psychological counseling to provide universal advice.
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CBT-Bench: Evaluating Large Language Models on Assisting Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing research has explored mental health condition classifications, empathetic conversations, and chatbots designed for simple discourse structures.
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