Challenge: incorporating explicit semantic information, in the form of Abstract Meaning Representation graphs, can enhance VQA models.
Approach: They augment two vision-language models with sentence- and document-level AMRs . they find that in well-resourced settings, models are negatively impacted by AMR .
Outcome: The proposed model improves in well-resourced and low-resource settings with AMR graphs . the model achieves 13.1% relative gain using sentence-level AMRs compared with the smaller model .

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Exploiting Abstract Meaning Representation for Open-Domain Question Answering (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing work attempts to address these challenges using Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) but the diversity of surface form expressions can hinder the model’s ability to capture accurate correlations, especially when the context is lengthy and complex.
Approach: They propose a method known as Graph-as-Token (GST) to incorporate AMRs into PLMs to assist the model in understanding complex semantic information.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing methods and significantly improves performance on both Natural Questions and TriviaQA.
When Big Models Train Small Ones: Label-Free Model Parity Alignment for Efficient Visual Question Answering using Small VLMs (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large vision and language models have demonstrated remarkable performance in visual question answering tasks.
Approach: They introduce a framework to optimize L-VLMs by leveraging unlabeled images . they conduct extensive experiments on four diverse VQA benchmarks .
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Can AMR Assist Legal and Logical Reasoning? (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) has been shown to be useful for many downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose neural architectures that utilize linearised AMR graphs in combination with pre-trained language models to capture logical relationships on multiple choice question answering tasks.
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A Corpus for Visual Question Answering Annotated with Frame Semantic Information (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a computer vision problem.
Approach: They propose to annotate a visual question answering dataset with verb semantics to help the model understand verbs.
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Filling the Image Information Gap for VQA: Prompting Large Language Models to Proactively Ask Questions (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive reasoning ability and the maintenance of world knowledge in natural language tasks.
Approach: They propose a framework that enables LLMs to ask relevant questions to uncover more details in the image, along with filters for refining the generated information.
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Can Pre-trained Vision and Language Models Answer Visual Information-Seeking Questions? (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained vision and language models have demonstrated state-of-the-art capabilities over existing tasks involving images and texts.
Approach: They analyze a visual question answering dataset tailored for info-seeking questions . they show that pre-trained visual and language models can use fine-grained knowledge .
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Question Modifiers in Visual Question Answering (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a multi-disciplinary task that requires integration of several key disciplines.
Approach: They develop a model that adds modifiers to questions based on object properties and spatial relationships using Amazon Mechanical Turk data.
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Analyzing the Role of Semantic Representations in the Era of Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies show the benefits of semantic representations in NLP tasks . Existing work using AMR is concerned with trainable models .
Approach: They propose an AMR-driven chain-of-thought prompting method that uses AMR . they propose to use it to predict which input examples AMR may help or hurt on .
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Language Guided Visual Question Answering: Elevate Your Multimodal Language Model Using Knowledge-Enriched Prompts (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Visual question answering (VQA) is a task that requires an understanding of both the image and the question to provide a natural language answer.
Approach: They propose a multimodal framework that leverages language guidance to answer questions more accurately.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves on the multi-choice question-answering task using CLIP and BLIP models.
In Factuality: Efficient Integration of Relevant Facts for Visual Question Answering (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: Current Visual Question Answering (VQA) models are trained on labelled data that may be insufficient to learn complex knowledge representations.
Approach: They propose a method to integrate external knowledge into a visual pre-trained model by integrating facts extracted from a knowledge base.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baseline models on the KVQA dataset benchmark by 19% and shows that it is weaker than previous models.

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