| Challenge: | Existing studies have investigated the properties of internal layers in large language models, but no studies have defined the vocabulary size. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to use a new vocabulary instead of the pre-defined one in a continual training scenario. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the model with the pre-defined vocabulary in a continual training scenario. |
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have high computational costs and energy consumption, making their deployment in industrial settings difficult. |
| Approach: | They propose a small language model that compresses the embedding layer and reduces model size without significant loss of performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model reduces the embedding layer while maintaining performance while improving accuracy and performance. |
Revisiting Scaling Laws for Language Models: The Role of Data Quality and Training Strategies (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing scaling laws suggest augmenting model size and training data results in enhanced performance, but recent studies reveal deviations, particularly in large language models, where performance improvements decelerate—a phenomenon known as sub-scaling. |
| Approach: | They propose a sub-optimal scaling law that better predicts performance in sub-scaling regimes by examining data quality and training strategies. |
| Outcome: | The proposed scaling law better predicts performance in sub-scaling regimes, highlighting the importance of data quality and diversity. |
Language Adaptation of Large Language Models: An Empirical Study on LLaMA2 (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) has seen a skyrocketing increase in recent years. |
| Approach: | They present a systematic review of the language adaptation process for Large Language Models including vocabulary expansion, continued pre-training, and instruction fine-tuning. |
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How Vocabulary Sharing Facilitates Multilingualism in LLaMA? (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) show strong performance on English tasks, but their performance in other languages is limited. |
| Approach: | They conducted an exhaustive analysis of the multilingual capability of LLMs by examining the performance gap before and after embedding fine-tuning across 101 languages. |
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How Do Large Language Models Capture the Ever-changing World Knowledge? A Review of Recent Advances (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are impressive in solving tasks, but they can quickly be outdated after deployment. |
| Approach: | They provide a review of recent advances in aligning deployed large language models with the ever-changing world knowledge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models can be used to perform various tasks directly through in-context learning or for further fine-tuning for domain-specific uses. |
An Empirical Study on Cross-lingual Vocabulary Adaptation for Efficient Language Model Inference (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Cross-lingual vocabulary adaptation (CVA) methods have been proposed for adapting models to a target language . but effectiveness of these methods on increasing inference efficiency of generative large language models has not been explored. |
| Approach: | They propose to use cross-lingual vocabulary adaptation methods to adapt models to a target language to improve downstream performance. |
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XLM-V: Overcoming the Vocabulary Bottleneck in Multilingual Masked Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)
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Davis Liang, Hila Gonen, Yuning Mao, Rui Hou, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Luke Zettlemoyer, Madian Khabsa
| Challenge: | Large multilingual models rely on a single vocabulary shared across 100+ languages . this vocabulary bottleneck limits the representational capabilities of multilingual model XLM-R . |
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Data and Model Centric Approaches for Expansion of Large Language Models to New languages (2025.emnlp-tutorials)
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| Challenge: | Existing LLMs mainly support English alongside a handful of high resource languages . this leaves a major gap for most low-resource languages despite increasing pace of research . |
| Approach: | This tutorial examines approaches to expand the language coverage of LLMs . they look at tokenizer training, pre-training, instruction tuning, alignment, evaluation, etc. |
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Uncovering Scaling Laws for Large Language Models via Inverse Problems (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Arun Verma, Zhaoxuan Wu, Zijian Zhou, Xiaoqiang Lin, Zhiliang Chen, Rachael Hwee Ling Sim, Rui Qiao, Jingtan Wang, Nhung Bui, Xinyuan Niu, Wenyang Hu, Gregory Kang Ruey Lau, Zi-Yu Khoo, Zitong Zhao, Xinyi Xu, Apivich Hemachandra, See-Kiong Ng, Bryan Kian Hsiang Low
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains. |
| Approach: | inverse problems can efficiently uncover scaling laws that guide the building of LLMs, authors argue . authors propose brute-force approaches to improve LLM training costs due to high costs . |
| Outcome: | This paper advocates that inverse problems can efficiently uncover scaling laws that guide the building of LLMs to achieve the desirable performance with significantly better cost-effectiveness. |
Adaptation of Large Language Models (2025.naacl-tutorial)
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| Challenge: | a tutorial on adaptation of large language models addresses the growing demand for models that go beyond static capabilities. |
| Approach: | This tutorial will provide an overview of dynamic, domain-specific, and task-adaptive LLM adaptation techniques. |
| Outcome: | This tutorial will outline dynamic, domain-specific, and task-adaptive LLM adaptation techniques. |