Challenge: Despite advances in machine translation, domain-specific terminology translation remains challenging.
Approach: They propose a large-scale multilingual AI terminology dataset that combines LLMs for extraction with human expertise for translation.
Outcome: The proposed framework combines human translation expertise with LLMs to improve translation accuracy and improve BLEU and COMET scores.

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LangMark: A Multilingual Dataset for Automatic Post-Editing (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Automated post-editing (APE) aims to correct errors in machine-translated text . lack of large-scale multilingual datasets specifically tailored to NMT outputs hinders APE development .
Approach: They propose to use a human-annotated multilingual APE dataset for English translation to seven languages to address this gap.
Outcome: The proposed dataset offers both linguistic diversity and scale.
CodeTransOcean: A Comprehensive Multilingual Benchmark for Code Translation (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing code translation datasets focus on a single pair of programming languages . early software systems are developed using programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL .
Approach: They propose a large-scale comprehensive benchmark that supports the largest variety of programming languages for code translation.
Outcome: The proposed framework supports translations between multiple programming languages and a cross-framework dataset for deep learning code across different frameworks.
BenchMAX: A Comprehensive Multilingual Evaluation Suite for Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing multilingual benchmarks focus primarily on language understanding tasks.
Approach: They develop a multi-way multilingual benchmark that measures critical capabilities of large language models across languages.
Outcome: Extensive experiments on BenchMAX reveal uneven utilization of core capabilities across languages, emphasizing the performance gaps that scaling model size alone does not resolve.
GlotEval: A Test Suite for Massively Multilingual Evaluation of Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-demos)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation frameworks focus on English and a handful of high-resource languages, thereby overlooking the realistic performance of large language models in multilingual and lower-resourced scenarios.
Approach: They propose a unified and lightweight framework that integrates 27 benchmarks under a standard ISO 639-3 language identifier system to enable seamless incorporation of new benchmarks.
Outcome: The proposed framework integrates 27 benchmarks under a standard ISO 639-3 language identifier system, allowing for seamless incorporation of new benchmarks.
Apertus: Democratizing Open and Compliant LLMs for Global Language Environments (2026.acl-long)

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Alejandro Hernández-Cano, Alexander Hägele, Allen Hao Huang, Angelika Romanou, Antoni-Joan Solergibert, Barna Pásztor, Bettina Messmer, Dhia Garbaya, Eduard Frank Ďurech, Ido Hakimi, Juan Garcia Giraldo, Mete Ismayilzada, Negar Foroutan, Skander Moalla, Tiancheng Chen, Vinko Sabolčec, Yixuan Xu, Michael Aerni, Badr AlKhamissi, Inés Altemir Marinas, Mohammad Hossein Amani, Matin Ansaripour, Ilia Badanin, Harold Benoit, Emanuela Boros, Nicholas John Browning, Fabian Bösch, Maximilian Böther, Niklas Canova, Camille Challier, Clément Charmillot, Jonathan Coles, Jan Milan Deriu, Arnout Devos, Lukas Drescher, Daniil Dzenhaliou, Maud Ehrmann, Dongyang Fan, Simin Fan, Silin Gao, Miguel Gila, María Grandury, Diba Hashemi, Alexander Miserlis Hoyle, Jiaming Jiang, Mark Klein, Andrei Kucharavy, Anastasiia Kucherenko, Frederike Lübeck, Roman Machacek, Theofilos Ioannis Manitaras, Andreas Marfurt, Kyle Matoba, Simon Matrenok, Henrique Mendonça, Fawzi Roberto Mohamed, Syrielle Montariol, Luca Mouchel, Sven Najem-Meyer, Jingwei Ni, Gennaro Oliva, Matteo Pagliardini, Elia Palme, Andrei Panferov, Léo Paoletti, Marco Passerini, Ivan Pavlov, Auguste Poiroux, Kaustubh Ponkshe, Nathan Ranchin, Javier Rando, Mathieu Sauser, Jakhongir Saydaliev, Mukhammadali Sayfiddinov, Marian Schneider, Stefano Schuppli, Marco Scialanga, Andrei Semenov, Kumar Shridhar, Raghav Singhal, Anna Sotnikova, Alexander Sternfeld, Ayush Kumar Tarun, Paul Teiletche, Jannis Vamvas, Xiaozhe Yao, Hao Zhao, Alexander Ilic, Ana Klimovic, Andreas Krause, Caglar Gulcehre, David Rosenthal, Elliott Ash, Florian Tramèr, Joost VandeVondele, Livio Veraldi, Martin Rajman, Thomas C. Schulthess, Torsten Hoefler, Antoine Bosselut, Martin Jaggi, Imanol Schlag
Challenge: Apertus is a fully open suite of large language models (LLMs) designed to address responsibility shortcomings in today’s open model ecosystem, namely data responsibility and global representation.
Approach: They propose to release a fully open suite of large language models (LLMs) that address data responsibility and global representation shortcomings in today’s open model ecosystem.
Outcome: The proposed model is pretrained on openly available data and suppresses verbatim recall of data while retaining task performance.
Ready to Translate, Not to Represent? Bias and Performance Gaps in Multilingual LLMs Across Language Families and Domains (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have redefined Machine Translation, enabling context-aware and fluent translations across hundreds of languages and textual domains.
Approach: They propose a framework and dataset to evaluate the translation quality and fairness of open-source LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed framework and dataset evaluates translation quality and fairness of open-source LLMs.
Recovered in Translation: Efficient Pipeline for Automated Translation of Benchmarks and Datasets (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks suffer from semantic drift and context loss, which can lead to misleading performance metrics.
Approach: They propose a fully automated framework to enable translation of large language models . they propose to use universal self-improvement and multi-round ranking methods to improve translation quality .
Outcome: The proposed framework surpasses existing benchmarks in eight languages and improves translation quality across multilingual domains.
Aya Dataset: An Open-Access Collection for Multilingual Instruction Tuning (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing datasets in the English language are mostly in the realm of instruction fine-tuning . aya dataset, the Aya Collection, and the AYa Evaluation Suite are key resources .
Approach: They aim to build a human-curated instruction-following dataset spanning 65 languages . they work with fluent speakers of languages from around the world to collect natural instances of instructions and completions .
Outcome: The goal is to build a human-curated instruction-following dataset spanning 65 languages.
Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey on Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalities (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Amidst the rapid advances of large language models, most LLMs struggle with mixed-language inputs, limited Code-switching datasets, and evaluation biases.
Approach: They propose a roadmap for inclusive datasets, fair evaluation, and linguistically grounded models to achieve truly multilingual intelligence.
Outcome: The proposed frameworks are based on 327 studies spanning five research areas, 15+ NLP tasks, 30+ datasets, and 80+ languages.
MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AI (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Large Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on many natural language processing tasks such as language understanding, reasoning, and language generation.
Approach: They present a framework for evaluating generative LLMs in the multilingual setting and provide directions for future progress in the field.
Outcome: The proposed framework evaluates generative models on 16 NLP datasets across 70 typologically diverse languages and compares them to state-of-the-art non-autoregressive models.

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