Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are a powerful tool for test-time scaling, but they are often used under time constraints.
Approach: They propose to use LLMs to make models think before answering questions . they also use self-correction and best-of-N decoding to encourage deeper thinking .
Outcome: The proposed models are able to achieve higher inference accuracy with extra inference computation under time constraints.

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Working Memory Identifies Reasoning Limits in Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Using large language models, we examine the limitations of their cognitive capabilities and their working memory.
Approach: They examine the limitations of large language models from a scaling perspective . they also assess various prompting strategies, revealing their diverse impacts on LLM performance.
Outcome: The proposed models perform poorly on n-back tasks and on prompting strategies.
Current Advances in LLM Reasoning (2026.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: This tutorial examines comprehensive evaluation strategies to assess the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) advanced inference time methods and post-training methods that aim to make LLMs think more like humans are discussed in this tutorial.
Approach: This tutorial explores comprehensive evaluation strategies to assess the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) and discusses two types of methods to improve models’ reasoning: advanced inference time methods, structured and self-improvement inference methods, and post-training methods, such as RLHF, DPO, and GRPO.
Outcome: This tutorial examines evaluation strategies to assess the reasoning abilities of large language models and discusses two types of methods to improve models’ reasoning.
Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence that plays a crucial role in many intellectual activities.
Approach: They propose to improve LLMs' ability to elicit reasoning by providing exemplars or prompts to model reasoning.
Outcome: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the state of knowledge on reasoning in large language models.
Less is More: Improving LLM Reasoning with Minimal Test-Time Intervention (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have focused on test-time scaling to improve reasoning quality but at the cost of efficiency.
Approach: They propose a training-free framework that enhances reasoning accuracy and stability with minimal overhead.
Outcome: The proposed framework yields consistent gains across general, coding, and STEM tasks while remaining highly efficient.
Brevity is the soul of sustainability: Characterizing LLM response lengths (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) consume significant energy and carbon emissions due to their inference processes.
Approach: They first benchmark 12 decoder-only LLMs across 5 datasets and then analyze LLM responses to determine their quality.
Outcome: The proposed methods can reduce the length of responses while preserving the quality of the LLMs.
Evaluating Large Language Models via Linguistic Profiling (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) undergo extensive evaluation against various benchmarks collected in established leaderboards to assess their performance across multiple tasks.
Approach: They propose a new evaluation methodology to test LLMs' sentence generation abilities under specific linguistic constraints.
Outcome: The proposed evaluation methodology is based on the 'linguistic profiling' approach and is not intended to be a task-oriented evaluation.
Is Large Language Model Performance on Reasoning Tasks Impacted by Different Ways Questions Are Asked? (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing studies on Large Language Models (LLMs) have not investigated the impact of question types on LLM performance.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of five Large Language Models on reasoning tasks . they use quantitative reasoning tasks and deductive reasoning tasks to evaluate the models .
Outcome: The results show that Reasoning accuracy does not correlate with final selection accuracy.
What Factors Affect LLMs and RLLMs in Financial Question Answering? (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have focused on large language models and reasoning large language model (RLLMs) however, there are few studies that explore what methods can fully unlock the performance of LLMs and RLLM in the financial domain.
Approach: They examine the effects of prompting methods, agentic frameworks, and multilingual alignment methods on financial question-answering tasks.
Outcome: The results show that prompting methods and agent frameworks improve LLMs' performance . the authors suggest that these frameworks can be used to enhance LLM performance if they are implemented in financial domains.
Do LLMs Overcome Shortcut Learning? An Evaluation of Shortcut Challenges in Large Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in various tasks, but may rely on dataset biases as shortcuts for prediction.
Approach: They propose to use a test suite to evaluate the impact of shortcuts on LLMs' performance.
Outcome: The proposed test suite incorporates six shortcut types, five evaluation metrics, and four prompting strategies.
Evaluating the Deductive Competence of Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing large language models have limited abilities to solve deductive reasoning problems . performance differences between conditions do not improve overall performance .
Approach: They investigate whether several large language models can solve a deductive reasoning problem in their conventional form.
Outcome: The proposed models can solve a classic type of deductive reasoning problem in their conventional form.

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