Challenge: Creating high-quality datasets for large language models often relies on resource-intensive, GPU-accelerated models for quality filtering, making the process time-consuming and costly.
Approach: They propose a framework that operates entirely on CPUs to streamline the processes of dataset extraction, filtering, and curation.
Outcome: The proposed framework reduces preparation time and costs while maintaining high data quality while enhancing the applicability of LLMs in specialized contexts.

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The Data Frontier for Large Language Models: Selection, Synthesis, and Tools (2026.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: acquiring and curating high-quality training data remains a significant bottleneck . acquiring such high-quality data is a key challenge for researchers and practitioners .
Approach: This tutorial provides a comprehensive and practical guide to the state-of-the-art in data research directions for LLMs.
Outcome: The tutorial covers methods for curating the most valuable information from vast, noisy datasets and the synthetic data revolution.
Making Large Language Models Better Data Creators (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have advanced the field of NLP significantly, but deploying them for downstream applications is still challenging due to cost, responsiveness, control, or concerns around privacy and security.
Approach: They propose a unified data creation pipeline that requires only a single formatting example.
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LlamaDuo: LLMOps Pipeline for Seamless Migration from Service LLMs to Small-Scale Local LLMs (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: LLMOps pipelines are used to migrate knowledge and abilities from service-oriented LLMs to smaller, locally manageable models.
Approach: They propose an LLMOps pipeline for the seamless migration of knowledge and abilities from service-oriented LLMs to smaller, locally manageable models.
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On LLMs-Driven Synthetic Data Generation, Curation, and Evaluation: A Survey (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a data-centric solution to alleviate limitations of real-world data with synthetic data generation.
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Outcome: The proposed workflows highlight gaps in existing research and outline avenues for future studies.
Data and Model Centric Approaches for Expansion of Large Language Models to New languages (2025.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: Existing LLMs mainly support English alongside a handful of high resource languages . this leaves a major gap for most low-resource languages despite increasing pace of research .
Approach: This tutorial examines approaches to expand the language coverage of LLMs . they look at tokenizer training, pre-training, instruction tuning, alignment, evaluation, etc.
Outcome: This tutorial examines approaches to expand the language coverage of LLMs . it provides an efficient and viable path to bring LLM technologies to low-resource languages .
More Data or Better Data? A Critical Analysis of Data Selection and Synthesis for Mathematical Reasoning (2025.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Despite various proposed data construction methods, their practical utility in real-world pipelines remains underexplored.
Approach: They conduct a comprehensive analysis of open-source datasets and data synthesis techniques for mathematical reasoning under a unified pipeline designed to mirror training and deployment scenarios.
Outcome: The proposed pipelines mirror training and deployment scenarios and are suitable for industrial applications.
From Curated Data to Scalable Models: Continual Pre-training of Dense and MoE Large Language Models for Tibetan (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of tasks, yet their performance remains heavily biased toward high-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a pipeline for advancing Tibetan language modeling through multilingual continual pre-training with Tibetan, Chinese, and English.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms open-source and Tibetan-focused models on diverse tasks.
Fundamental Capabilities of Large Language Models and their Applications in Domain Scenarios: A Survey (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing benchmark-based evaluations cannot accurately reflect the performance of real-world applications.
Approach: They propose a reliable strategy for domains to choose more robust LLMs for real-world applications.
Outcome: The proposed strategy addresses the challenges faced by domains to choose more robust LLMs for real-world applications.
Fine-tuning Large Language Models with Limited Data: A Survey and Practical Guide (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models provide strong foundations, but effective adaptation under data scarcity requires efficient and efficient fine-tuning techniques.
Approach: They propose to review parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques that lower training and deployment costs and domain and cross-lingual adaptation methods for both encoder and decoder models.
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Enhancing LLM Capabilities Beyond Scaling Up (2024.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: general-purpose large language models (LLMs) are expanding in scale and access to unpublic training data.
Approach: This tutorial aims to examine the capabilities of general-purpose large language models . authors discuss adaptation of LLMs to address conflicts, defense against attacks .
Outcome: This tutorial aims to examine the evolution of general-purpose large language models (LLMs) the authors argue that the evolution is dependent on the availability of training data and the scale of the models.

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