Challenge: Proportional analogies are used to assess linguistic and cognitive abilities.
Approach: They propose a dataset for proportional analogy completion and evaluate its performance in large-scale learning environments.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves 55% accuracy in knowledge-enhanced prompts.

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Can Language Models Serve as Analogy Annotators? (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Conceptual abstraction and analogy-making are crucial for human learning, reasoning, and adapting to unfamiliar domains.
Approach: They propose a multi-stage progressive reasoning prompt framework A3E which is based on the structure mapping theory from cognitive psychology and efficiently annotates candidate story pairs across six fine-grained categories.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves an average performance gain of + 73% across a range of prompting baselines and base LLMs.
Teaching-Inspired Integrated Prompting Framework: A Novel Approach for Enhancing Reasoning in Large Language Models (2025.coling-industry)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance across various domains but struggle with arithmetic reasoning tasks.
Approach: They propose a Teaching-Inspired Integrated Prompting Framework which emulates the instructional process of a teacher guiding students.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves reasoning accuracy on nine benchmarks.
AnaloBench: Benchmarking the Identification of Abstract and Long-context Analogies (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Analogical reasoning is an important part of human communication, says a new study . a benchmark to determine analogical reasoning ability in language models is needed .
Approach: They propose to benchmark analogical reasoning ability in language models by collecting 340 analogies from human writings.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark aims to determine analogical reasoning ability in language models.
Inductive Linguistic Reasoning with Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on their linguistic reasoning capabilities is an important task to understand the gaps in their skills that may surface during large-scale adoption.
Approach: They propose to generate analogical exemplars with a language model and apply them in-context with target language exemplar.
Outcome: The proposed method can be applied to other tasks present in Linguistics Olympiad competitions and achieves state-of-the-art results across nearly all problem types and difficulty levels in the LINGOLY dataset.
Relevant or Random: Can LLMs Truly Perform Analogical Reasoning? (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Analogical reasoning is a unique ability of humans to address unfamiliar challenges by transferring strategies from relevant past experiences.
Approach: They propose to use self-generated random examples to improve performance on a variety of reasoning tasks by incorporating relevant examples from relevant past experiences.
Outcome: The proposed methods achieve comparable or even better performance on GSM8K with random biological examples.
AnaScore: Understanding Semantic Parallelism in Proportional Analogies (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: AnaScore metric aims to evaluate the strength of semantic parallelism in sentence analogies.
Approach: They propose an automatic metric to evaluate the strength of semantic parallelism in sentence analogies.
Outcome: The proposed metric shows that formally explainable examples are more beneficial for analogical reasoning, whereas ambiguous analogies with no clear criterion tend to hinder inference.
What Has Been Enhanced in my Knowledge-Enhanced Language Model? (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing knowledge integration methods such as linear probes and prompts have key limitations in answering these questions.
Approach: They propose a new probe model which integrates external knowledge from knowledge graphs into pretrained language models (LMs) ERNIE and K-Adapter are proposed as KI methods .
Outcome: The proposed model interprets two well-known KELMs using graph attention on the corresponding knowledge graph for interpretation.
Can Large Language Models Generalize Analogy Solving Like Children Can? (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Recent research shows that large language models can solve various forms of analogies.
Approach: They investigated whether large language models can generalize analogy solving to other domains . they found that LLMs struggle with robust human-like analogical transfer .
Outcome: The results show that large language models can solve analogies in the Latin alphabet, Greek alphabet, and far transfer domains.
ParallelPARC: A Scalable Pipeline for Generating Natural-Language Analogies (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Analogy-making is a central to human cognition, allowing us to abstract information and understand novel situations in terms of familiar ones.
Approach: They propose a pipeline to generate paragraph-based analogies using large language models and large language distractors.
Outcome: The proposed pipeline outperforms existing models in binary and multiple-choice settings and shows that humans outperformed the best models after a light supervision.
ANALOGYKB: Unlocking Analogical Reasoning of Language Models with A Million-scale Knowledge Base (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: ANALOGYKB is a million-scale analogy knowledge base based on existing knowledge graphs (KGs) based upon relational knowledge triples, we can discover new analogies using the corresponding relations between concepts.
Approach: They propose a million-scale analogy knowledge base derived from existing knowledge graphs (KGs) ANALOGYKB identifies analogies of the same relations and analogies from analogous relations .
Outcome: The proposed model enables both smaller LMs and LLMs to gain better analogical reasoning capabilities.

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