Challenge: Existing models that assess mLLMs on harmful meme understanding are inaccurate and lack accuracy.
Approach: They propose a framework that adaptively probes the reasoning capabilities of mLLMs . their framework systematically reveals the varying performance of different target mllms a .
Outcome: The proposed framework systematically reveals the performance of different target mLLMs.

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MemeArena: Automating Context-Aware Unbiased Evaluation of Harmfulness Understanding for Multimodal Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation approaches focus on mLLMs’ detection accuracy for binary classification tasks, which often fail to reflect the in-depth interpretive nuance of harmfulness across diverse contexts.
Approach: They propose an agent-based arena-style evaluation framework that provides context-aware and unbiased assessment for mLLMs’ understanding of multimodal harmfulness.
Outcome: The proposed framework reduces evaluation biases of judge agents and provides unbiased comparisons of mLLMs’ abilities to interpret multimodal harmfulness.
Beneath the Surface: Unveiling Harmful Memes with Multimodal Reasoning Distilled from Large Language Models (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods for harmful meme detection ignore in-depth cognition of meme text and image . authors propose a framework for learning reasonable thoughts from LLMs for better multimodal fusion .
Approach: They propose to use large language models to learn reasonable thoughts from LLMs for better multimodal fusion and lightweight fine-tuning.
Outcome: The proposed approach achieves superior performance than state-of-the-art methods on the harmful meme detection task.
Towards Low-Resource Harmful Meme Detection with LMM Agents (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for harmful meme detection are limited due to the dynamic nature of memes . eliciting knowledge-revising behavior within the LMM agent is a key factor in achieving this goal .
Approach: They propose an agency-driven framework for low-resource harmful meme detection . they use annotated memes to leverage label information as auxiliary signals for model .
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves superior performance than state-of-the-art methods on the low-resource harmful meme detection task.
Robust Adaptation of Large Multimodal Models for Retrieval Augmented Hateful Meme Detection (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have shown promise in hateful meme detection, but they face limitations like sub-optimal performance and limited out-of-domain generalization capabilities.
Approach: They propose a robust adaptation framework for hateful meme detection that enhances in-domain accuracy and cross-domain generalization while preserving the general vision-language capabilities of LMMs.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms larger agentic systems in detecting hateful memes under adversarial attacks while maintaining the general vision-language capabilities of LMMs.
MemeIntel: Explainable Detection of Propagandistic and Hateful Memes (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for label detection and explanation generation have been limited in understanding complex issues . identifying propaganda and hate in memes is essential for combating misinformation and minimizing harm .
Approach: They propose an explanation-enhanced dataset for propaganda memes in Arabic and hateful memes on English to solve these tasks.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the current state-of-the-art in label detection and explanation generation.
MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a growing number of harmful memes are being used for trolling, cyberbullying and abuse . a new approach to detect harmful meme images and texts is emerging .
Approach: They propose a multimodal deep neural network that detects harmful memes . they extend the recently released HarMeme dataset with additional memes and a new topic .
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms rival methods in detecting harmful memes and their target social entities.
AutoJudger: An Agent-Driven Framework for Efficient Benchmarking of MLLMs (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is becoming increasingly expensive as benchmarks grow in scale and cross-modality complexity.
Approach: They propose an adaptive evaluation framework for efficient benchmarking that treats evaluation as an interview-like process by keeping a hypothesized ability structure of the evaluated model and actively selecting the informative questions.
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MLLM-Bench: Evaluating Multimodal LLMs with Per-sample Criteria (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation methodologies for multimodal large language models are limited in evaluating objective queries without considering real-world user experiences.
Approach: They propose to evaluate multimodal large language models with per-sample criteria using potent MLLM as the judge.
Outcome: The proposed evaluation paradigm shows that it can be used to evaluate multimodal large language models with per-sample criteria.
MemeMQA: Multimodal Question Answering for Memes via Rationale-Based Inferencing (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have focused on harms of memes in closed environments, such as hate speech and cyber-bullying.
Approach: They propose a multimodal question-answering framework that solicits accurate responses to structured questions while providing coherent explanations.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing frameworks in predicting answer prediction accuracy and text generation lead over a baseline.
Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: a growing body of research on meme analysis has focused on detecting harmful memes and their social entities . a meme is a form of content that is often harmless and designed to look funny . but its multimodal nature and camouflaged semantics make its analysis challenging .
Approach: They propose to use multimodal models to detect harmful memes and identify social entities that harmful meme targets.
Outcome: The proposed model can detect harmful memes and the social entities they target . the proposed model lacks the appropriate contexts and is poorly validated .

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