Challenge: Existing studies rely on shallow unsupervised data generated by token surface matching regardless of global context-aware semantics of the surrounding text tokens.
Approach: They propose an Unsupervised Pseudo Semantic Data Augmentation mechanism to enrich training data without human intervention.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on general zero-shot cross-lingual understanding tasks on different languages without human intervention.

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Cross-lingual Transfer or Machine Translation? On Data Augmentation for Monolingual Semantic Textual Similarity (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Using labeled NLI datasets for learning sentence embeddings leads to improved performance for natural language understanding tasks.
Approach: They compare two data augmentation techniques for learning better sentence embeddings . they use a cross-lingual transfer technique that exploits English resources as training data to yield non-English sentence embeds as zero-shot inference .
Outcome: The proposed techniques yield better performance on Japanese and Korean sentences.
Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Semantic Parsing (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent work in cross-lingual semantic parsing assumes access to high-quality machine translation systems and word alignment tools.
Approach: They propose a multi-task encoder-decoder model to transfer parsing knowledge to additional languages using only English-logical form paired data and in-domain natural language corpora.
Outcome: The proposed model performs significantly above translation-based baselines and competes with the supervised upper-bound.
UXLA: A Robust Unsupervised Data Augmentation Framework for Zero-Resource Cross-Lingual NLP (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Transfer learning has yielded state-of-the-art (SoTA) results, but annotated data for every target task in every target language is rare, especially for low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a framework for unsupervised data augmentation for zero-resource transfer learning scenarios that performs simultaneous self-training with data hausse and unsupervised sample selection.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baselines on three zero-resource transfer tasks and achieves SoTA results in all the tasks.
Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning (P19-4)

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Challenge: a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations is presented .
Approach: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of recent work on weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations.
Outcome: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised word representations.
Cross-lingual Back-Parsing: Utterance Synthesis from Meaning Representation for Zero-Resource Semantic Parsing (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to extend semantic parsing (SP) beyond English are challenging due to the complex slot alignment step after translation.
Approach: They propose a method to enhance cross-lingual transfer for SP by utilizing mPLMs.
Outcome: The proposed method synthesizes target language utterances from source meaning representations while maintaining high slot value alignment rates.
A Call for More Rigor in Unsupervised Cross-lingual Learning (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing research on unsupervised cross-lingual learning has focused on purely unsupervised learning without any parallel data for most of the world's languages.
Approach: They propose to define "multilingual learning" as learning a common model for two or more languages from raw text, without any downstream task labels.
Outcome: The proposed model is based on a model with no parallel data and abundant monolingual data.
Optimal Transport Posterior Alignment for Cross-lingual Semantic Parsing (2023.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing work on cross-lingual semantic parsing has focused on English . a few-shot approach to parse from natural languages is comparatively unexplored .
Approach: They propose a method that minimizes cross-lingual divergence between probabilistic latent variables by Optimal Transport.
Outcome: The proposed method improves performance even without parallel input translations on two datasets.
PromDA: Prompt-based Data Augmentation for Low-Resource NLU Tasks (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to build labeled training data from domain-specific data are expensive to obtain.
Approach: They propose a Prompt-based Data Augmentation model which only trains small-scale Soft Promptes in frozen Pre-trained Language Models.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms several baseline models on four benchmarks and is complementary with unlabeled in-domain data.
CLASP: Few-Shot Cross-Lingual Data Augmentation for Semantic Parsing (2022.aacl-short)

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Challenge: Large Language Models excel at a low-resource level given limited data, but are unsuitable for runtime systems which require low latency.
Approach: They propose a method to augment training data for a model 40x smaller (500M parameters) they use Alexa to generate synthetic data from Alexa 20B to augment the training set .
Outcome: The proposed method improves low-resource SP on two datasets in low-source settings.
A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
Approach: They propose Embedding-Push, Attention-Pull, and Robust targets to transfer English embeddings to virtual multilingual embedders without semantic loss.
Outcome: Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods on cross-lingual tasks and can achieve a better multilingual alignment.

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