Challenge: Existing methods for eliciting Large Language Models (LLMs) to solve complex tasks are limited to English due to the imbalance in the distribution of pre-training data.
Approach: They propose a method for aligning Cross-lingual CoT reasoning across languages . they propose eliciting Large Language Models to solve complex tasks step-by-step .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing prompting methods by reducing interactions and achieving state-of-the-art performance.

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Empowering Multi-step Reasoning across Languages via Program-Aided Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: In-context learning methods elicit Large Language Models to solve tasks using provided demonstrations without parameter updates.
Approach: They propose a method for aligning reasoning programs across languages using a double-step cross-lingual prompting mechanism.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing prompting methods and reduces interaction time.
Cross-lingual Prompting: Improving Zero-shot Chain-of-Thought Reasoning across Languages (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for zero-shot CoT are limited to a single language, making it difficult to generalize to other languages and hindering global development.
Approach: They introduce cross-lingual prompting (CLP) to improve zero-shot CoT reasoning across languages.
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SoT: Structured-of-Thought Prompting Guides Multilingual Reasoning in Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Language Models struggle with multilingual reasoning tasks due to resource constraints . a training-free method improves performance on multilingual thinking tasks .
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Disentangling Language Understanding and Reasoning Structures in Cross-lingual Chain-of-Thought Prompting (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a recent study has shown that cross-lingual chain-of-thought prompting improves learning in low-resource languages.
Approach: They examine whether benefits of cross-lingual prompting arise from language-specific reasoning structures . authors employ neuron intervention and perturbation techniques to analyze and deactivate language-related reasoning neurons .
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Recursion of Thought: A Divide-and-Conquer Approach to Multi-Context Reasoning with Language Models (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to generate intermediate steps (CoT) are limited by the maximum context size due to various reasons.
Approach: They propose a new inference framework that introduces several special tokens that the models can output to trigger context-related operations.
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A Comprehensive Evaluation of Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: Performance, Consistency, and Faithfulness Across Languages (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Recent work has examined final-answer accuracy in multilingual settings, but the behavior of thinking traces, i.e., the intermediate steps that lead to the final answer, remains underexplored.
Approach: They propose to measure language compliance, answer accuracy, and answer consistency when LRMs are explicitly instructed or prompt-hacked to think in a target language.
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Tree of Problems: Improving structured problem solving with compositionality (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across multipletasks through in-context learning.
Approach: They propose a Tree of Problems (ToP) that is a simpler version of Tree of Thoughts (toT) they propose 'in-context learning' is the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform a task with the help of a few demonstrations within their context.
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Whiteboard-of-Thought: Thinking Step-by-Step Across Modalities (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models have shown promising results in arithmetic and symbolic reasoning by expressing intermediate reasoning in text as a chain of thought, yet struggle to extend this capability to answer text queries that are easily solved by visual reasoning.
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CoF-CoT: Enhancing Large Language Models with Coarse-to-Fine Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Multi-domain NLU Tasks (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Chain-of-Thought prompting is popular in reasoning tasks, but its application to Large Language Models (LLMs) in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is under-explored.
Approach: They propose a Coarse-to-Fine Chain-of-Thought approach that breaks down NLU tasks into multiple reasoning steps where LLMs can learn to acquire essential concepts.
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Multilingual Reasoning via Self-training (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent studies have introduced eclectic strategies to improve reasoning beyond English, but these methods are related to specific language that is not always optimal for reasoning.
Approach: They propose a modular approach that instructs models to structure reasoning passages in a different problem space and then self-refines their capabilities to deliver step-wise reasoning passage.
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