Challenge: Existing methods for document classification struggle with token limits and fail to adequately model hierarchical relationships within documents.
Approach: They propose a novel model leveraging a graph-tree structure to capture local and global dependencies.
Outcome: The proposed model captures syntactic relationships and broader document contexts without token limits and can handle arbitrarily long contexts.

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GraphLSS: Integrating Lexical, Structural, and Semantic Features for Long Document Extractive Summarization (2025.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Graph-based methods for extracting documents have been popular, but they often require external tools or additional machine learning models to define graph components.
Approach: They propose a heterogeneous graph construction for extractive summarization that defines two levels of information and four types of edges without any need for auxiliary learning models.
Outcome: The proposed graph construction outperforms previous graph-based models on two datasets and is available on GitHub.
Multi Graph Neural Network for Extractive Long Document Summarization (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networks (GNN) have been proposed as an emergent approach for extracting document summarization (EDS) but there are still limitations in applying it for long documents due to the lack of inter-sentence connections.
Approach: They propose to build a graph on sentence-level nodes and combine it with HeterGNN to capture the semantic information in terms of both inter and intra-sentence connections.
Outcome: Experiments on two datasets show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art in this research field.
HiPool: Modeling Long Documents Using Graph Neural Networks (2023.acl-short)

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Challenge: Recent work on pretraining languages have achieved satisfying results in many NLP tasks, but they are still restricted by a pre-defined maximum length.
Approach: They propose a graph-based method to model sentence-level information using a fixed length and graphs to model intra- and cross-sentence correlations.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baseline models by 2.6% in F1 score, and 4.8% on the longest sequence dataset.
Globalizing BERT-based Transformer Architectures for Long Document Summarization (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to fine-tune a large language model on downstream tasks show several limitations when the target task requires to reason with long documents.
Approach: They propose a hierarchical approach where the input is divided in multiple blocks independently processed by the scaled dot-attentions and combined between the successive layers.
Outcome: The proposed approach performs well on three extractive summarization corpora of scientific papers and news articles.
HEGEL: Hypergraph Transformer for Long Document Summarization (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Abstract: Extractive summarization for long documents is challenging due to the extended structured input context.
Approach: They propose a hypergraph neural network for extractive summarization by capturing cross-sentence relations.
Outcome: The proposed model can capture cross-sentence relations and latent topics and keywords coreference, and section structure, and can be applied to scientific papers.
Revisiting Transformer-based Models for Long Document Classification (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent literature in text classification is biased towards short text sequences . multi-page multi-paragraph documents cannot be efficiently encoded by vanilla transformers based on short text.
Approach: They compare different Transformer-based Long Document Classification approaches to mitigate the computational overhead of vanilla transformers to encode much longer text.
Outcome: The proposed models can process longer text and provide practical advice for long document classification tasks.
Do Syntax Trees Help Pre-trained Transformers Extract Information? (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent work suggests that incorporating syntax information from dependency trees can improve task-specific transformer models.
Approach: They propose to incorporate dependency tree information into pre-trained transformers for three tasks . they propose a late fusion approach and a joint fusion technique to infuses syntax structure into attention layers.
Outcome: The proposed models obtain state-of-the-art results on SRL and relation extraction tasks.
Integrating Semantics and Neighborhood Information with Graph-Driven Generative Models for Document Retrieval (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for document hashing combine only one of semantics and neighborhood information, lacking a theoretical principle to guide the integration process.
Approach: They propose to encode neighborhood information with a graph-induced Gaussian distribution and integrate it with generative models.
Outcome: The proposed model can be trained as efficiently as state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets.
GRAFF: GRaph-Augmented Fine-grained Fusion for Large Language Models (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to integrate graphs into LLMs compress the graph's structural information into a single token, restricting their ability to capture deep semantic and structural information.
Approach: They propose a method that integrates fine-grained node-level structural information with corresponding text entities to LLMs via a lightweight, structure adapter module.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baseline models in graph-based question answering by 10.24%.
KALM: Knowledge-Aware Integration of Local, Document, and Global Contexts for Long Document Understanding (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to infuse knowledge graphs with pre-trained LMs are limited by the input sequence length.
Approach: They propose a language model that leverages knowledge in local, document-level, and global contexts for long document understanding.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art on three long document understanding tasks across 6 datasets/settings.

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