Challenge: Recent advances in large language models have achieved promising performances across various applications, but the challenge of integrating long-tail knowledge continues to impede the seamless adoption of LLMs in specialized domains.
Approach: They propose a dynamic co-augmentation framework for the refinement of large language models and knowledge graphs in the context of Alzheimer's Disease.
Outcome: The proposed framework can be used to study Alzheimer's Disease (AD) using LLMs and KGs.

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KMatrix: A Flexible Heterogeneous Knowledge Enhancement Toolkit for Large Language Model (2024.emnlp-demo)

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Challenge: Existing Knowledge-Enhanced Large Language Models (K-LLMs) toolkits focus on free-textual knowledge and lack robust datasets, models, and user-friendly experience.
Approach: They propose a flexible heterogeneous knowledge enhancement toolkit to enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) using external knowledge.
Outcome: KMatrix: a flexible heterogeneous knowledge enhancement toolkit for LLMs includes verbalizing-retrieval and parsing-query methods.
KBM: Delineating Knowledge Boundary for Adaptive Retrieval in Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is employed to tackle these challenges . a Knowledge Boundary Model (KBM) is used to express the known/unknown of a given question .
Approach: They propose a Knowledge Boundary Model to express the known/unknown of a given question . they find that not all questions need to trigger RAG to improve performance .
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CogMG: Collaborative Augmentation Between Large Language Model and Knowledge Graph (2024.acl-demos)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are susceptible to generating hallucinated content and often encompass factually inaccurate information.
Approach: They propose a framework that leverages knowledge graphs to address the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) they identify and decompose required knowledge triples that are not present in the KG, enriching them and aligning updates with real-world demands.
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Adaptive-RAG: Learning to Adapt Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models through Question Complexity (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) generate factually incorrect answers based on their parametric memory.
Approach: They propose a retrieval-augmented large language model that can dynamically select the most suitable strategy based on query complexity.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves the performance of QA systems on open-domain QA datasets.
Self-Knowledge Guided Retrieval Augmentation for Large Language Models (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have shown superior performance without task-specific fine-tuning due to the computational costs.
Approach: They propose a method which lets LLMs refer to the questions they have previously encountered and adaptively call for external resources when dealing with new questions.
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Linking Knowledge to Care: Knowledge Graph-Augmented Medical Follow-Up Question Generation (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing large language models (LLMs) fail to identify information gaps across diverse symptoms.
Approach: They propose a Knowledge Graph-augmented LLM with active in-context learning to generate relevant and important follow-up questions.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods by 5% - 8% on relevant benchmarks.
DIVKNOWQA: Assessing the Reasoning Ability of LLMs via Open-Domain Question Answering over Knowledge Base and Text (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Retrievalaugmented LLMs have been used to ground LLM in external knowledge . a gap exists in the current landscape regarding the effectiveness of grounding LLM on heterogeneous knowledge sources.
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RAG in the Wild: On the (In)effectiveness of LLMs with Mixture-of-Knowledge Retrieval Augmentation (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models by integrating external knowledge retrieved at inference time.
Approach: They evaluate RAG systems using MassiveDS, a large-scale datastore with mixture of knowledge.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves performance on knowledge-intensive NLP tasks.
Retrieval and Reasoning on KGs: Integrate Knowledge Graphs into Large Language Models for Complex Question Answering (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have performed impressively in various NLP tasks, but their inherent hallucination phenomena severely challenge their credibility in complex reasoning.
Approach: They propose to integrate explainable Knowledge Graphs (KGs) with LLMs to alleviate hallucinations . they construct subgraphs to enhance the retrieval capabilities of KGs via CoT reasoning.
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DrKGC: Dynamic Subgraph Retrieval-Augmented LLMs for Knowledge Graph Completion across General and Biomedical Domains (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Knowledge graph completion (KGC) aims to predict missing triples in knowledge graphs . current approaches encode graph context in textual form, which fails to exploit its potential .
Approach: a new method is proposed to predict missing triples in knowledge graphs by leveraging existing triples and textual information.
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