Challenge: Existing methods for re-ranking documents are sparse and do not require training.
Approach: They propose a method that optimizes mutual information between query and passage distributions by integrating cross-encoders and generative models in the re-ranking process.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms conventional re-rankers and language model scorers in open-domain QA retrieval settings and diverse retrieval benchmarks under zero-shot settings.

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Joint Passage Ranking for Diverse Multi-Answer Retrieval (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to multi-answer retrieval cannot reason about the set of passages jointly.
Approach: They propose a joint passage retrieval model focusing on reranking to solve multi-answer retrieval problem.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baseline models on three multi-answer datasets.
Improving Passage Retrieval with Zero-Shot Question Generation (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing re-ranking methods for open-domain question answering are not domain- or task-specific.
Approach: They propose a simple and effective re-ranking method for improving passage retrieval in open-domain question answering.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms strong supervised models on open-domain questions and triviaQA datasets on top-1000 passages.
Hybrid and Collaborative Passage Reranking (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing solutions to passage reranking focus on enriching the interaction between query and each passage separately, neglecting the context among the top-ranked passages.
Approach: They propose a Hybrid and Collaborative Passage Reranking method that leverages the similarity measurements of upstream retrievers for passage collaboration.
Outcome: Experiments show that HybRank improves over existing methods and improves performance.
RocketQAv2: A Joint Training Method for Dense Passage Retrieval and Passage Re-ranking (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that passage retrieval and passage reranking are important for achieving mutual improvement.
Approach: They propose a unified listwise training approach for passage retrieval and passage reranking that incorporates a retrieval procedure and a hybrid data augmentation strategy.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves on both MSMARCO and Natural Questions datasets.
Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Open-domain question answering relies on efficient passage retrieval to select candidate contexts.
Approach: They propose a dual-encoder framework that can be implemented to retrieve passages from a small number of questions and passages.
Outcome: The proposed system outperforms a strong Lucene-BM25 system in top-20 passage retrieval accuracy on multiple open-domain QA benchmarks.
HYRR: Hybrid Infused Reranking for Passage Retrieval (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing passage retrieval systems typically adopt a two-stage retrieve-then-rerank pipeline.
Approach: They propose a framework for training robust reranking models using hybrid retrievers . they propose HYRR framework that allows users to select training data using hybrids .
Outcome: The proposed framework is robust to different first-stage retrieval settings.
GroupRank: A Groupwise Paradigm for Effective and Efficient Passage Reranking with LLMs (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing rankers excel in lexical-matching scenarios, while they struggle with complex queries requiring deep reasoning.
Approach: They propose a new paradigm that balances flexibility and context awareness to unlock the full potential of groupwise reranking.
Outcome: The proposed approach achieves a state-of-the-art 65.2 NDCG@10 on BRIGHT and surpasses baselines by 2.1 points on R2MED while delivering a 6.4 inference speedup.
Reader-Guided Passage Reranking for Open-Domain Question Answering (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Current open-domain question answering systems follow a Retriever-Reader architecture . current systems do not use a reranker, which reranked passages based on top predictions of the reader .
Approach: They propose a reader-guIDEd reranking method that reranked passages based on top predictions . they show that RIDER achieves 10 to 20 absolute gains in top-1 retrieval accuracy .
Outcome: The proposed method achieves 10 to 20 gains in top-1 retrieval accuracy and 1 to 4 Exact Match gains without training.
MMLF: Multi-query Multi-passage Late Fusion Retrieval (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to query expansion are limited in terms of lexical overlap.
Approach: They propose a query expansion pipeline that generates sub-queries, expands them into pseudo-documents, retrieves them individually and aggregates results using reciprocal rank fusion.
Outcome: The proposed pipeline improves on five BEIR benchmark datasets and achieves a maximum gain of up to 8%.
Simple and Effective Retrieve-Edit-Rerank Text Generation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Using retrieve-and-edit methods, text generation methods can be improved by reranking outputs from training sets and learning models to produce the final output.
Approach: They propose to extend retrieve-and-edit seq2seq methods with a simple post-generation ranking approach that retrieves multiple outputs and edits each independently to produce the final output.
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