Challenge: Existing approaches for predicting the performance of NLP models for low-resource languages (LRLs) focus on high-resourced languages, overlooking LRLs and domain shifts.
Approach: They investigate the impact of domain similarity on predicting performance of machine translation models in low-resource languages.
Outcome: The results show that domain similarity has the most important impact on predicting the performance of Machine Translation models.

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) exhibit uneven performance across languages.
Approach: They propose to use a framework to quantify the similarity within each language pair through both the lenses of language-specific performance patterns and cross-lingual transferability.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms traditional linguistic typology and cross-lingual transferability measures on multilingual LLMs.
Pre-Trained Multilingual Sequence-to-Sequence Models: A Hope for Low-Resource Language Translation? (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Pre-trained multilingual sequence-to-sequence models like mBART and mT5 can be used to translate low-resource languages, but their practical application is unclear.
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MELABenchv1: Benchmarking Large Language Models against Smaller Fine-Tuned Models for Low-Resource Maltese NLP (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across various NLP tasks, largely due to their generalisability and ability to perform tasks without additional training.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of 55 publicly available Large Language Models on Maltese, a low-resource language, using a newly introduced benchmark covering 11 discriminative and generative tasks.
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Large Language Model for Multi-Domain Translation: Benchmarking and Domain CoT Fine-tuning (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Achieving consistent high-quality machine translation across diverse domains remains a challenge due to limited and imbalanced parallel training data available in various domains.
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When Is Multilinguality a Curse? Language Modeling for 250 High- and Low-Resource Languages (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual language models are widely used to extend NLP systems to low-resource languages.
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Small Models, Big Impact: Efficient Corpus and Graph-Based Adaptation of Small Multilingual Language Models for Low-Resource Languages (2025.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages (LRLs) face significant challenges in natural language processing due to limited data.
Approach: They evaluate adapter-based methods for adapting mLMs to low-resource languages . they use unstructured text and structured knowledge from ConceptNet to evaluate adapters .
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Role of Language Relatedness in Multilingual Fine-tuning of Language Models: A Case Study in Indo-Aryan Languages (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: A study of multilingual fine-tuning yields better performance on downstream NLP applications . low resource languages such as Oriya and Punjabi are found to be the largest beneficiaries of multi-lingual fine tuning.
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Disentangling Pretrained Representation to Leverage Low-Resource Languages in Multilingual Machine Translation (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual neural machine translation requires an enormous dataset, leaving the low-resource language (LRL) underdeveloped.
Approach: They evaluated five languages using a parallel corpus of 1,000 instances each and found a zero-shot improvement of 7.4 from the baseline score of 7.1 to a score of 15.5 at best.
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Lost in the Source Language: How Large Language Models Evaluate the Quality of Machine Translation (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) can be used as translation evaluators.
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SMaLL-100: Introducing Shallow Multilingual Machine Translation Model for Low-Resource Languages (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing models for multilingual machine translation use scaling up the number of parameters to overcome the curse of multilinguality.
Approach: They propose a multilingual machine translation model that shares information between similar languages and scales up the number of parameters to overcome the curse of multilinguality.
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