Challenge: despite impressive performance, large language models still struggle with hallucinations . current approaches suffer from suboptimal citation quality due to reliance on in-context learning .
Approach: They propose a framework that teaches large language models to generate fine-grained citations.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms all baselines on the ALCE benchmark and achieves an average improvement of 14.21% in citation quality.

Similar Papers

Training Language Models to Generate Text with Citations via Fine-grained Rewards (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to hallucination and their outputs often contain incorrect or unverifiable claims.
Approach: They propose a training framework using fine-grained rewards to teach LLMs to generate highly supportive and relevant citations while ensuring the correctness of their responses.
Outcome: The proposed training framework outperforms existing methods on QA datasets and surpasses GPT-3.5-turbo on LLaMA-2-7B.
Effective Large Language Model Adaptation for Improved Grounding and Citation Generation (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models generate "hallucinated" answers that are not factual . despite their widespread adoption, they can generate plausiblesounding but nonfactual information.
Approach: They propose a framework that tunes large language models to self-ground claims and provide citations to retrieved documents.
Outcome: The proposed framework generates superior grounded responses with more accurate citations compared to prompting-based approaches and post-hoc citing-based methods.
ALiiCE: Evaluating Positional Fine-grained Citation Generation (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing research on citation generation is limited to sentence-level statements . positional fine-grained citations can appear anywhere within sentences .
Approach: They propose a framework that allows LLMs to generate citations from sentences . they use dependency tree-based methods to parse sentence-level claims into atomic claims .
Outcome: The proposed framework evaluates citation quality using three metrics including positional fine-grained citation recall, precision, and coefficient of variation of citation positions.
LongCite: Enabling LLMs to Generate Fine-grained Citations in Long-Context QA (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Current long-context large language models lack citations to support their responses, making verification difficult due to potential hallucinations.
Approach: They propose to use off-the-shelf LLMs to automatically construct long-context QA instances with precise sentence-level citations and leverage this pipeline to construct a large-scale SFT dataset for LQAC.
Outcome: The proposed pipeline can generate responses with fine-grained citations on the fly, surpassing existing models including GPT-4o.
Advancing Large Language Model Attribution through Self-Improving (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Teaching large language models to generate text with citations to evidence sources requires high-quality attribution data, which is costly and labor-intensive.
Approach: They propose a framework for iteratively improving the attribution capability of large language models (LLMs) by attributing output to verifiable sources.
Outcome: Experiments on three open-domain question-answering datasets show that START improves in aggregating information across multiple sources.
Enabling Large Language Models to Generate Text with Citations (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing work relies on commercial search engines and human evaluation, making it difficult to reproduce and compare different modeling approaches.
Approach: They propose a new generation paradigm that requires large language models to provide citations to one or a few text passages for any statement they generate.
Outcome: The proposed model improves factual correctness and verifiability of large language models by providing citations to a set of questions and retrieval corpora and generating answers with citation.
Improving LLM Generations via Fine-Grained Self-Endorsement (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities but can still fail frequently on knowledge-intensive tasks.
Approach: They propose a self-endorsement framework that leverages fine-grained fact-level comparisons across multiple sampled responses.
Outcome: The proposed framework can improve factuality of generations with simple prompts across scales of LLMs.
Fine-Grained Detection of Context-Grounded Hallucinations Using LLMs (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing representations of hallucinations limit the types of errors that can be expressed, so we propose a new representation based on free-form textual descriptions, capturing the full range of possible errors.
Approach: They propose a benchmark for localizing hallucinations using LLMs with a human annotation of over 1,000 examples and a protocol to verify its quality in a humans evaluation.
Outcome: The proposed representation captures the full range of possible errors, and the best model achieves an F1 score of 0.67.
How Well Do Large Language Models Truly Ground? (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing research defines “grounding” as having the correct answer, which does not ensure the reliability of the entire response.
Approach: They propose a stricter definition of grounding: fully utilizes the necessary knowledge from the provided context and stays within the limits of that knowledge.
Outcome: The proposed model can be ground on external contexts and maintain its correct answer.
GenProve: Learning to Generate Text with Fine-Grained Provenance (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for large language models (LLMs) are coarse-grained and fail to distinguish between direct quotes and complex reasoning.
Approach: They propose a framework that combines supervised fine-tuning and group relative policy optimization to generate fluent answers while simultaneously producing sentence-level provenance triples.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms 14 strong large language models in joint evaluation.

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