Challenge: Existing prompt engineering methods exploit database content and execution feedback to improve text-to-sql performance.
Approach: They propose a framework for large language model-based text-to-sql task that exploits database content and execution feedback to improve execution accuracy.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves execution accuracy and usability by 12.41% and 5.38% on four widely used benchmarks.

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Enhancing Text-to-SQL Capabilities of Large Language Models through Tailored Promptings (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Large language models with prompting have achieved encouraging results on many natural language processing tasks due to the absence of task-tailored promptings.
Approach: They propose three promptings specifically designed for Text-to-SQL: SL-prompt, CC-promped, and SL+CC prompt.
Outcome: The proposed promptings achieve execution accuracy of 86.2% and test-suite accuracy of 76% . the granularity of schema linking and the order of clause generation have great impact on performance, which are considered little in previous research.
Improving Generalization in Semantic Parsing by Increasing Natural Language Variation (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches generate question reformulations via models trained on Spider or only introduce local changes. Existing methods generate question form reformulation but lack robustness.
Approach: They use data augmentation to enhance the robustness of text-to-SQL parsers against natural language variations by generating more realistic and diverse questions.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on the new spider dataset by using a few prompts.
Enhancing Text-to-SQL Capabilities of Large Language Models: A Study on Prompt Design Strategies (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: In-context learning (ICL) is a new approach to natural language processing tasks that rely on large language models to make predictions based on context . recent studies have shown that neural symbolic design is the preferred choice for question answering systems because of its limited working memory and unreliable long-term memory.
Approach: They propose to extend in-context learning to question answering tasks that utilize structured knowledge sources and to explore various prompt design strategies for employing LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art system by 2.5 points and the best fine-tuned system by 5.1 points on the Spider dataset.
PARSQL: Enhancing Text-to-SQL through SQL Parsing and Reasoning (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large language models have made significant strides in text-to-SQL tasks, but small language models struggle to accurately interpret natural language questions due to resource limitations.
Approach: They propose a SQL parser that extracts constraints from SQL to generate sub-SQLs . they use a rule-based and LLM-based method to generate step-by-step SQL explanations based on the results .
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms models with the same model size on BIRD and Spider benchmarks.
Query Rewriting in Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies focus on adapting either the retriever or the reader, but this approach is more focused on adaptation of the query itself.
Approach: They propose a new framework for retrieval-augmented Large Language Models . they propose rewrite-retrieve-read instead of retrieve-then-read .
Outcome: The proposed framework improves performance on downstream tasks, open-domain QA and multiple-choice QA.
SQLForge: Synthesizing Reliable and Diverse Data to Enhance Text-to-SQL Reasoning in LLMs (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing closed-source LLMs have a performance gap in text-to-SQL reasoning tasks.
Approach: They propose a SQL-based approach to synthesize reliable data to enhance text-to-SQL reasoning in LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on the widely recognized Spider and BIRD benchmarks, significantly narrowing the performance gap with closed-source methods.
DART: Open-Domain Structured Data Record to Text Generation (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Data-to-text annotations can be costly when dealing with tables with nontrivial structures.
Approach: They propose a procedure for extracting semantic triples from tables that encodes their structures by exploiting table headers and table title.
Outcome: The proposed method exploits the semantic dependencies between table headers and title to extract semantic triples from tables.
Query Refinement Prompts for Closed-Book Long-Form QA (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) can answer questions and produce long-form texts, but the latter is difficult to evaluate since they are subjective in nature.
Approach: They propose query refinement prompts that encourage LLMs to express multifacetedness and generate long-form answers covering multiple facets of the question.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms fully finetuned models in the closed-book setting and retrieve-then-generate open-book models.
LitE-SQL: A Lightweight and Efficient Text-to-SQL Framework with Vector-based Schema Linking and Execution-Guided Self-Correction (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing methods rely on proprietary models to generate SQL queries.
Approach: They propose a lightweight framework that translates natural language questions into SQL queries.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves 72.10% execution accuracy on BIRD and 88.45% on Spider 1.0 . it offers a practical solution for privacy-sensitive and resource-constrained settings.
SQL-Trail: Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning with Interleaved Feedback for Text-to-SQL (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved Text-to-SQL generation, but a gap remains between AI systems and human experts on challenging benchmarks such as BIRD-Sql.
Approach: They propose a multi-turn reinforcement learning agentic framework for Text-to-SQL that uses execution feedback to iteratively refine its predictions.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms proprietary systems on 7B and 14B models by **5% on average, underscoring the effectiveness of interactive, agentic workflows for robust Text-to-SQL generation.

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