Challenge: Traditional methods for embedding watermarks into audio have low capacity and unsatisfactory imperceptibility.
Approach: They propose a dual-embedding wa- termarking model for efficient locating and a model that can withstand attacks.
Outcome: The proposed model can withstand attacks with higher capacity and more efficient locating ability compared to existing methods.

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Duwak: Dual Watermarks in Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing watermark techniques are effective in embedding single human-imperceptible and machine-detectable patterns without significantly affecting generated text quality and semantics.
Approach: They propose to embed dual secret patterns in token probability distribution and sampling schemes to enhance the efficiency of watermarking.
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Subtle Signatures, Strong Shields: Advancing Robust and Imperceptible Watermarking in Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to an increase in AI-generated text on the Internet, presenting a crucial challenge to differentiate AI-created content from human-written text.
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DualGuard: Dual-stream Large Language Model Watermarking Defense against Paraphrase and Spoofing Attack (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing watermarking algorithms focus on defending against paraphrase and piggyback spoofing attacks, which can inject harmful content, compromise reliability, and undermine trust in attribution.
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Robust and Minimally Invasive Watermarking for EaaS (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing watermarking methods use a target embedding to create watermarks, but this method results in each embeddable having the same component, making it difficult to remove the watermark.
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Watermark under Fire: A Robustness Evaluation of LLM Watermarking (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Various watermarking methods have been proposed to identify LLM-generated texts . lack of unified evaluation platforms has left many critical questions unanswered .
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Advancing Beyond Identification: Multi-bit Watermark for Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods to detect machine-generated text focus on detection, but some misuses require tracing the adversary user for counteracting them.
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Cross-Domain Audio Deepfake Detection: Dataset and Analysis (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing audio deepfake detection datasets are outdated and lack generalization capabilities.
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Revisiting the Robustness of Watermarking to Paraphrasing Attacks (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent watermarking techniques slightly modify the output probabilities of LMs to embed a signal in the generated output that can later be detected.
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Comprehensive Layer-wise Analysis of SSL Models for Audio Deepfake Detection (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing algorithms for audio deepfake detection are based on layer-wise analysis of self-supervised learning (SSL) models.
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Watermarking PLMs on Classification Tasks by Combining Contrastive Learning with Weight Perturbation (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) are highly valuable intellectual property due to their expensive training costs.
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