Challenge: This tutorial will explore the potential of computational linguistics to help understand brain language processing.
Approach: This tutorial will explore the principles and practices of using computational linguistics methods for brain encoding and decoding.
Outcome: This tutorial will explore the principles and practices of using computational linguistics methods for brain encoding and decoding.

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Encoding and Decoding Language in the Brain with Language Models (2026.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: This tutorial introduces brain-language model alignment and recent advances in brain-informed fine-tuning and brain-based fine-caching with language models.
Approach: This tutorial introduces brain-language model alignment and recent advances in brain-informed fine-tuning and scaling with language models.
Outcome: This tutorial introduces brain-language model alignment and recent advances in brain-informed fine-tuning and decoding with language models.
Language Reconstruction with Brain Predictive Coding from fMRI Data (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies have shown that the perception of speech can be decoded from brain signals and subsequently reconstructed as continuous language.
Approach: They propose to use FMRI-to-text decoding with Predictive coding to generate a main network and a side network to generate brain predictive representations from related regions of interest.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms current decoding models on several evaluation metrics on two naturalistic language comprehension fMRI datasets.
Linking artificial and human neural representations of language (D19-1)

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Challenge: a pre-trained BERT architecture is used to fine-tune sentence encoding models on a variety of natural language understanding (NLU) tasks.
Approach: They compare sentence encoding models with fMRI-based fMR predictions of the sentence . they use a pre-trained BERT architecture as a baseline and fine-tune it on a variety of natural language understanding (NLU) tasks.
Outcome: The proposed model does not yield significant improvements in brain decoding performance on the natural language understanding (NLU) tasks.
Language Learning and Processing in People and Machines (N19-5)

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Challenge: This tutorial introduces different stages of language acquisition and their parallel problems in NLP.
Approach: This tutorial introduces different stages of language acquisition and their parallel problems in NLP.
Outcome: This tutorial introduces different stages of language acquisition and their parallel problems in NLP.
From Language to Cognition: How LLMs Outgrow the Human Language Network (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models exhibit remarkable similarity to neural activity in the human language network, but their properties remain unclear.
Approach: They benchmark 34 training checkpoints spanning 300B tokens across 8 different model sizes . they find that brain alignment tracks the development of formal linguistic competence more closely than functional linguistic competency.
Outcome: The results show that large language models exhibit similarity to human language networks . they show that the correlation between next-word prediction and brain alignment fades once models surpass human language proficiency.
Decoding the Multimodal Mind: Generalizable Brain-to-Text Translation via Multimodal Alignment and Adaptive Routing (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Current approaches to decoding language from the human brain rely on unimodal representations, neglecting the brain’s inherently multimodal processing.
Approach: They propose a framework that leverages Multimodal Large Language Models to align brain signals with a shared semantic space encompassing text, images, and audio.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves an 8.48% improvement on the most commonly used benchmark on fMRI datasets with textual, visual, and auditory stimuli.
Visio-Linguistic Brain Encoding (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies have failed to explore co-attentive multi-modal modeling for visual and text reasoning.
Approach: They propose to use image and multi-modal Transformers to reconstruct fMRI brain activity . they use two popular datasets to study visual and text reasoning .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on two popular datasets . the results raise the question whether visual processing is affected implicitly by linguistic processing .
Mapping Brains with Language Models: A Survey (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: accumulated evidence for brain and language model activations remains ambiguous, but correlations with model size and quality provide grounds for cautious optimism.
Approach: They examine the evidence accumulated by 30 studies spanning 10 datasets and 8 metrics to determine whether there is any overlap between brain and language model activations.
Outcome: The findings suggest that representations extracted from NLP models can (partially) explain the signal found in neural data.
Model-based analysis of brain activity reveals the hierarchy of language in 305 subjects (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a popular approach to decompose the neural bases of language requires large and costly data sets to obtain.
Approach: They propose a model-based approach to decompose the neural bases of language that can be used to correlate brain responses to different stimuli.
Outcome: The proposed model-based approach replicates the seminal study of Lerner et al. (2011), which revealed the hierarchy of language areas by comparing the functional-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of seven subjects listening to 7min of both regular and scrambled narratives.
Improve Language Model and Brain Alignment via Associative Memory (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing studies have shown that associative memory is essential for language comprehension and comprehension.
Approach: They propose to integrate associative memory into language models to improve alignment . they find alignment is improved in brain regions closely related to associativ memory processing .
Outcome: The proposed model improves in brain regions closely related to associative memory processing.

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