Challenge: Existing methods to build language agents that can plan efficiently and accurately have not met the needs of advanced planning methods to achieve such improvements.
Approach: They propose to use iterative correction and tree search to solve multi-step problems in a language agent framework with three components: a generator, a discriminator, and a planning method.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve performance on two tasks, text-to-SQL parsing and mathematical reasoning, while using discriminators with 90% accuracy.

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Can LLMs Truly Plan? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Planning Capabilities (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing assessments of planning capabilities of large language models are limited to single-language or specific representation formats.
Approach: a new benchmark is developed to assess the planning capabilities of large language models.
Outcome: The Multi-Plan benchmark highlights performance disparities among models . language differences showed minimal impact, while mathematically structured representations improved accuracy .
What Makes an LLM a Good Optimizer? A Trajectory Analysis of LLM-Guided Evolutionary Search (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent work has demonstrated the promise of orchestrating large language models (LLMs) within evolutionary and agentic optimization systems.
Approach: They present a large-scale study of LLM-guided evolutionary search . they find strong LLMs behave as local refiners, producing frequent improvements . weaker LLM optimizers exhibit large semantic drift, they say .
Outcome: The results highlight the importance of trajectory analysis for understanding and improving LLM-based optimization systems.
LLMs as Planning Formalizers: A Survey for Leveraging Large Language Models to Construct Automated Planning Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models excel in various natural language tasks but struggle with long-horizon planning problems requiring structured reasoning.
Approach: They propose to integrate large language models into AP and NLP planning frameworks by reviewing current research and identifying critical challenges and future directions.
Outcome: The proposed frameworks are used to support reliable off-the-shelf AP planners.
A Survey of Large Language Model-Based Search Agents (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized web search, but their integration is static and cannot handle complex contexts.
Approach: They analyze existing research and analyze existing work from the perspectives of architecture, optimization, application, and evaluation.
Outcome: The proposed models can comprehend user intentions and context and execute multi-turn retrieval with dynamic planning, extending search capabilities far beyond the web.
LLM-A*: Large Language Model Enhanced Incremental Heuristic Search on Path Planning (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing path planning algorithms suffer from significant computational and memory inefficiencies as the state space grows . large language models excel in environmental analysis but fall short in detailed spatial and temporal reasoning .
Approach: They propose a new path planning method that synergistically combines A* and LLMs to improve pathfinding efficiency.
Outcome: The proposed method improves pathfinding efficiency while maintaining integrity of path validity in large-scale scenarios.
LLMAP: LLM-Assisted Multi-Objective Route Planning with User Preferences (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a recent study shows that large language models (LLMs) are limited in understanding natural language preferences.
Approach: They propose a novel LLM-as-Parser-based route planning system that utilizes an LLM to comprehend natural language, extract user preferences and recognize task dependencies.
Outcome: The proposed system achieves superior performance with guarantees across multiple constraints.
Reasoning with Language Model is Planning with World Model (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities, particularly with Chain-of-Thought-style prompts.
Approach: They propose a framework that repurposes the LLM as both a world model and a reasoning agent and incorporates a principled planning algorithm (based on Monte Carlo Tree Search)
Outcome: The proposed framework repurposes the LLM as both a world model and a reasoning agent and incorporates a principled planning algorithm (based on Monte Carlo Tree Search) it achieves optimum balance between exploration and exploitation, while achieving high-reward reasoning paths efficiently.
PlanGenLLMs: A Modern Survey of LLM Planning Capabilities (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies have focused on developing LLMs to automate complex planning tasks.
Approach: They propose to provide a comprehensive overview of current LLM planners to fill this gap . they examine performance criteria including completeness, executability, optimality, representation, generalization, and efficiency .
Outcome: The proposed survey examines performance criteria for LLM planners and highlights their strengths and weaknesses.
AgentPro: Enhancing LLM Agents with Automated Process Supervision (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing frameworks lack explicit supervision during the reasoning process, which may lead to error propagation across reasoning chains.
Approach: They propose a framework which automates process supervision for large language model agents by automatically generating step-level annotations and developing a process reward model based on these annotations.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing agent-based methods on four datasets and achieves a 6.32% increase in accuracy.
Unlocking the Planning Capabilities of Large Language Models with Maximum Diversity Fine-tuning (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing studies have shown that LLMs struggle to generate valid plans in the automated planning domain due to weak System 2 competencies.
Approach: They propose a method which uses a random sampling method to select diverse and representative data to enhance sample efficiency and the model’s generalization capability.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baseline methods across scales and multiple benchmark domains.

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