Challenge: Existing studies have shown that LLMs struggle to generate valid plans in the automated planning domain due to weak System 2 competencies.
Approach: They propose a method which uses a random sampling method to select diverse and representative data to enhance sample efficiency and the model’s generalization capability.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baseline methods across scales and multiple benchmark domains.

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Can LLMs Truly Plan? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Planning Capabilities (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing assessments of planning capabilities of large language models are limited to single-language or specific representation formats.
Approach: a new benchmark is developed to assess the planning capabilities of large language models.
Outcome: The Multi-Plan benchmark highlights performance disparities among models . language differences showed minimal impact, while mathematically structured representations improved accuracy .
Fine-tuning Large Language Models with Limited Data: A Survey and Practical Guide (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models provide strong foundations, but effective adaptation under data scarcity requires efficient and efficient fine-tuning techniques.
Approach: They propose to review parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques that lower training and deployment costs and domain and cross-lingual adaptation methods for both encoder and decoder models.
Outcome: The proposed techniques lower training and deployment costs, domain and cross-lingual adaptation methods, and model specialization strategies.
Learning to Plan for Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models from Knowledge Graphs (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent studies have attempted to enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) in complex question-answering (QA) tasks by combining step-wise planning with external retrieval.
Approach: They propose a framework for enhancing LLMs’ planning capabilities by using planning data derived from knowledge graphs (KGs).
Outcome: The proposed framework improves LLMs’ planning capabilities by using knowledge graphs (KGs) the proposed framework is compared with existing frameworks on multiple datasets and shows that it is effective for large language models.
The Effect of Language Diversity When Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Translation (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Prior research on language diversity in LLM fine-tuning has reported benefits while others find no benefits.
Approach: They find that expanding language diversity during fine-tuning improves translation quality . they also show that increased language diversity creates more language-agnostic representations .
Outcome: The proposed model improves translation quality for unsupervised and supervised pairs . the results plateau or decrease beyond a certain diversity threshold.
Unveiling the Generalization Power of Fine-Tuned Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional multitasking abilities, but the comprehensive effects of fine-tuning on the LLMs’ generalization ability are not fully understood.
Approach: They conduct extensive experiments across five distinct language tasks on different datasets to investigate whether fine-tuning affects the generalization ability intrinsic to LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed model can generalize to different domains and tasks by integrating the in-context learning strategy during fine-tuning on generation tasks.
Scaling Data Diversity for Fine-Tuning Language Models in Human Alignment (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) can reveal toxic or offensive content inadvertently or intentionally.
Approach: They propose to control the diversity of both sides according to the number of samples for fine-tuning, which can directly reflect their impact.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves the performance of large language models after fine-tuning.
LLMs as Planning Formalizers: A Survey for Leveraging Large Language Models to Construct Automated Planning Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models excel in various natural language tasks but struggle with long-horizon planning problems requiring structured reasoning.
Approach: They propose to integrate large language models into AP and NLP planning frameworks by reviewing current research and identifying critical challenges and future directions.
Outcome: The proposed frameworks are used to support reliable off-the-shelf AP planners.
PlanE: Meta Planning of Data, Tuning, and Inference for Extractive-based LLMs (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for optimizing LLMs for task-specific tasks are limited due to the sheer volume of data.
Approach: They propose a Planning framework for constructing Extractive-based LLMs called PlanE . they propose 'data decomposition', instruction tuning, prompt inference and a 'Data-Tuning-Inference' planner .
Outcome: The proposed framework improves performance across different datasets and on different dataset.
PLAN-TUNING: Post-Training Language Models to Learn Step-by-Step Planning for Complex Problem Solving (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that decomposing complex problems into simple subtasks has significantly boosted the performance of large language models (LLMs).
Approach: They propose a unified post-training framework that distills synthetic task decompositions and fine-tunes smaller LLMs via supervised and reinforcement-learning objectives to improve complex reasoning.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms strong baselines on GSM8k and MATH benchmarks and shows that it can improve generalization capabilities on out-of-domain datasets.
Take the essence and discard the dross: A Rethinking on Data Selection for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies focus on data selection but lack a clear, unified framework . variability in experimental settings complicates systematic comparisons .
Approach: They propose a three-stage scheme to standardize data selection for fine-tuning large language models . they propose unified comparison approach that incorporates ratio-based efficiency and ranking-based feasibility metrics to address inconsistencies across experiments.
Outcome: The proposed scheme outperforms existing methods in a dozen key studies and identifies key challenges.

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