Challenge: Abstractive Text Summarization (ATS) models are commonly trained using large-scale data that is randomly shuffled.
Approach: They propose a data selection curriculum scoring system that measures the learning difficulty of an ATS model and expected performance on an instance.
Outcome: The proposed system surpasses baselines on CNN/DailyMail dataset, utilizing 20% of available instances.

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Active Learning for Abstractive Text Summarization via LLM-Determined Curriculum and Certainty Gain Maximization (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Abstractive text summarization (ATS) requires laborious data annotation and time-consuming model training.
Approach: They propose a novel active learning framework that asks large language models to rate difficulty of instances and then uses certainty gain maximization to select instances with a distribution that aligns well with the overall distribution.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves stability, effectiveness, and efficiency of abstractive text summarization backbones.
Mitigating Data Scarceness through Data Synthesis, Augmentation and Curriculum for Abstractive Summarization (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a new study explores data manipulation techniques for improving abstractive summarization models without the need for any additional data.
Approach: They propose a method of data synthesis with paraphrasing, data augmentation with sample mixing and curriculum learning with new difficulty metrics based on specificity and abstractiveness.
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SimCLS: A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Abstractive Summarization (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that SimCLS can improve existing top-performing models by a large margin.
Approach: They propose a framework for abstractive summarization that is conceptually simple and empirically powerful.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves the performance of top-performing models by a large margin against existing top-scoring systems.
Quantifying Appropriateness of Summarization Data for Curriculum Learning (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Summarization datasets are noisy, and summaries often do not reflect what is written in the source texts.
Approach: They propose a method of curriculum learning to train summarization models from noisy data.
Outcome: The proposed method improves the performance of pretrained and non-pretrained models on human evaluation.
Does the Order of Training Samples Matter? Improving Neural Data-to-Text Generation with Curriculum Learning (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in data-to-text generation have been focused on curriculum learning, which is a process of presenting training data in a specific order, starting from easy examples and moving on to more difficult ones, as the learner becomes more competent.
Approach: They propose to use a curriculum learning process to change the order of training samples in a model based on the model's competence to improve model performance and convergence speed.
Outcome: The proposed model shows faster convergence speed and reduced training time by 38.7% and performance by 4.84 BLEU.
Your Pretrained Model Tells the Difficulty Itself: A Self-Adaptive Curriculum Learning Paradigm for Natural Language Understanding (2025.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing curriculum learning approaches rely on manually defined difficulty metrics which may not accurately reflect the model’s own perspective.
Approach: They propose a self-adaptive curriculum learning paradigm that prioritizes fine-tuning examples based on difficulty scores predicted by pre-trained language models (PLMs) they evaluate four datasets covering binary and multi-class classification tasks.
Outcome: The proposed model leads to faster convergence and improved performance compared to standard random sampling.
Active Learning for Abstractive Text Summarization (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Abstractive text summarization (ATS) requires a long document and short summaries.
Approach: They propose a query strategy for AL in abstractive text summarization that uses uncertainty estimation to reduce model performance.
Outcome: The proposed query strategy improves ROUGE and consistency scores for annotated datasets . it also increases the performance of the model, compared to passive annotation.
Data Selection Curriculum for Neural Machine Translation (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Neural Machine Translation models are typically trained on heterogeneous data that are concatenated and randomly shuffled.
Approach: They propose a two-stage curriculum training framework where a NMT model is fine-tuned on subsets of data, selected by deterministic scoring and online scoring.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves on six language pairs comprising low- and high-resource languages and shows up to +2.2 BLEU improvement and faster convergence.
Make The Most of Prior Data: A Solution for Interactive Text Summarization with Preference Feedback (2022.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: a framework to train summarization models with preference feedback is proposed . human-in-the-loop (HITL) allows humans to actively participate in supervising AI systems .
Approach: They propose a framework to train summarization models with preference feedback interactively.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves ROUGE scores and sample-efficiency in active, few-shot and online settings.
Objective Function Learning to Match Human Judgements for Optimization-Based Summarization (N18-2)

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Challenge: In previous work on summarization, the objective function is based on ad-hoc assumptions about which quality aspects of a summary are relevant.
Approach: They learn a summary-level scoring function including human judgments as supervision and automatically generated data as regularization.
Outcome: The proposed method performs well across automatic and manual evaluations.

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