Challenge: a recent study shows that fine-tuning improves the performance of language models . large language models generate acceptable texts in a number of scenarios, a study shows .
Approach: They show that fine-tuning improves the task of hate speech counter-narrative generation . they provide a subset of arguments and a good base model is required for the fine-uning to have a positive impact.
Outcome: The proposed model produces counter-narratives that are as satisfactory as the whole set.

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Generating Counter Narratives against Online Hate Speech: Data and Strategies (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Hate Speech (HS) is a pervasive issue that spreads quickly and widely . research has focused on avoiding undesired effects that come with content moderation .
Approach: They propose to use large scale unsupervised language models to generate responses to hate effectively using large scale models.
Outcome: The proposed methods lack quality data and produce generic/repetitive responses.
Leveraging Pre-existing Resources for Data-Efficient Counter-Narrative Generation in Korean (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing datasets and methods for detecting hate speech are limited by resource-intensive nature and only focus on the primary language.
Approach: They propose a Korean Hate Speech Counter Punch (KHSCP) method that generates fact-based responses to hate speech in the Korean language and propose to use existing resources to overcome data scarcity.
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Data-Efficient Strategies for Expanding Hate Speech Detection into Under-Resourced Languages (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Hate speech datasets focus on English-language content, hindering effective models . annotating hateful content is expensive, time-consuming and potentially harmful to annotators.
Approach: They propose to use ISO 639-1 codes to fine-tune models on one source language and apply them to another language.
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Selecting Informative Contexts Improves Language Model Fine-tuning (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Language model fine-tuning is computationally expensive and time-consuming . however, the inclusion of training examples that negatively affect performance is limited .
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IMHO Fine-Tuning Improves Claim Detection (N19-1)

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Challenge: Empirical results show that using this approach improves the state of art performance across four benchmark argumentation data sets by an average of 4 absolute F1 points in claim detection.
Approach: They propose to fine-tune a language model using a Reddit corpus of opinionated claims and use the internet acronyms IMO/IMHO to identify claims.
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Towards Knowledge-Grounded Counter Narrative Generation for Hate Speech (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to combat online hatred using informed textual responses - called counter narratives - produce generic/repetitive responses and lack grounded and up-to-date evidence such as facts, statistics, or examples.
Approach: They propose to automatically generate counter narratives using an external knowledge repository to provide more informative content to fight online hatred.
Outcome: The proposed pipeline can generate suitable and informative counter narratives in in-domain and cross-domain settings.
Fine-tuning with HED-IT: The impact of human post-editing for dialogical language models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: a recent study has focused on the quality of data generated by automatic methods for fine-tuning Language Models in languages less resourced than English.
Approach: They investigate whether human intervention improves the quality of machine-generated dialogues . they use a large-scale dataset to fine-tune three different sizes of an LM .
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Human-in-the-Loop for Data Collection: a Multi-Target Counter Narrative Dataset to Fight Online Hate Speech (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies on generating hate speech/counter narratives have failed to reach high-quality datasets.
Approach: They propose a human-in-the-loop data collection methodology that refines a generative language model iteratively by using its own data from previous loops to generate new training samples.
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XAutoLM: Efficient Fine-Tuning of Language Models via Meta-Learning and AutoML (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: XAutoLM is a meta-learning-augmented framework that can be used to optimize discriminative and generative LM fine-tuning pipelines.
Approach: They propose a meta-learning-augmented AutoML framework that reuses past experiences to optimize discriminative and generative LM fine-tuning pipelines efficiently.
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Fine-tuning Large Language Models with Limited Data: A Survey and Practical Guide (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models provide strong foundations, but effective adaptation under data scarcity requires efficient and efficient fine-tuning techniques.
Approach: They propose to review parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques that lower training and deployment costs and domain and cross-lingual adaptation methods for both encoder and decoder models.
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