Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are robust and general, but their reasoning ability is not at a level to compete with the best models trained for specific natural language reasoning problems.
Approach: They propose to use large language models as a few-shot semantic parser to convert natural language sentences into a logical form that serves as input for answer set programs.
Outcome: The proposed model can handle multiple question-answering tasks without requiring retraining for each new task.

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How Proficient Are Large Language Models in Formal Languages? An In-Depth Insight for Knowledge Base Question Answering (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have validated that large language models (LLMs) are capable of solving some KBQA problems, but there has been little discussion on the differences in LLMs’ proficiency in formal languages used in semantic parsing.
Approach: They propose to evaluate the understanding and generation ability of large language models (LLMs) to deal with differently structured logical forms by examining the inter-conversion of natural and formal language through in-context learning of LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed model can understand formal languages as well as humans, but generating correct logical forms remains a challenge.
NL2Logic: AST-Guided Translation of Natural Language into First-Order Logic with Large Language Models (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Structured reasoning approaches that parse first-order logic rules from natural language lack syntax control and semantic faithfulness.
Approach: They propose a structured reasoning paradigm that parses first-order logic rules from natural language and delegates inference to automated solvers.
Outcome: a proposed framework parses first-order logic rules from natural language and delegates inference to automated solvers.
Complex Reasoning in Natural Language (2023.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Recent research shows that pretrained language models are often brittle for complex reasoning tasks.
Approach: They propose to use pre-trained language models to teach machines to reason over texts . they will review recent promising approaches to tackling complex reasoning tasks .
Outcome: This tutorial reviews promising approaches to complex reasoning tasks . it reviews the methods that can be used to augment models with robustness .
Do Large Language Models excel in Complex Logical Reasoning with Formal Language? (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies on LLMs have focused on formal language, but evaluations of their performance are limited.
Approach: They propose to use a formal language to evaluate LLMs across logical reasoning problems using formal languages.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms Instruct models in three dimensions, taxonomy of tasks, and format of trajectories, and achieves the best generalization performance across other languages.
KG-GPT: A General Framework for Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs Using Large Language Models (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Using large language models for complex reasoning tasks on knowledge graphs remains unexplored.
Approach: They propose a multi-purpose framework leveraging large language models for complex reasoning tasks on knowledge graphs.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms fully-supervised models in KG-based fact verification and KGQA benchmarks.
CodeIE: Large Code Generation Models are Better Few-Shot Information Extractors (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models pre-trained on massive corpora have shown impressive few-shot learning ability on many NLP tasks.
Approach: They propose to recast structured output in the form of code instead of natural language and use generative LLMs of code to perform IE tasks.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms fine-tuning moderate-size pre-trained models and prompting NL-LLMs under few-shot settings.
Grammar-Constrained Decoding Makes Large Language Models Better Logical Parsers (2025.acl-industry)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown capabilities in various natural language processing tasks, yet struggle with logical reasoning.
Approach: They propose to combine Large Language Models with symbolic reasoners to improve syntactic correctness and semantic accuracy in logical parsing tasks.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves syntactic correctness and semantic accuracy in logical parsing tasks.
LogicBench: Towards Systematic Evaluation of Logical Reasoning Ability of Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing work investigating the logical reasoning ability of large language models has focused only on a couple of inference rules of propositional and first-order logics.
Approach: They propose to use a natural language question-answering dataset to evaluate the logical reasoning ability of large language models.
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Large Language Models are few(1)-shot Table Reasoners (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Recent literature has shown that large language models are excellent few-shot reasoners to solve text reasoning tasks.
Approach: They evaluated LLMs on popular table QA and fact verification datasets like WikiTableQuestion, FetaQA, TabFact, and FEVEROUS and found they are competent at complex reasoning over table structures.
Outcome: The proposed models are more competent at complex reasoning over table structures than tuned T5-large models.
Executing Natural Language-Described Algorithms with Large Language Models: An Investigation (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of natural language processing and artificial intelligence, creating new SOTAs and reaching human-level language understanding performance on a series of tasks and benchmarks.
Approach: They propose to use an algorithm test set sourced from Introduction to Algorithm to assess LLMs' code execution abilities.
Outcome: The proposed model can execute programs described in natural language as long as no heavy numeric computation is involved.

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