Challenge: Existing methods to improve performance of pre-trained language models are limited due to large-scale parameters and the universal autoregressive decoding paradigm.
Approach: They propose a novel fine-tuning method which can make a single pre-trained model support Dynamic and Efficient infERence and achieve an adaptive trade-off between model performance and latency.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves higher BLEU scores than the strong autoregressive Transformer model on translation tasks with 3 12 times speedup and faster inference speed compared with the BART model on four GLGE benchmark tasks.

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Challenge: Autoregressive generation models generate tokens in a left-to-right, token-by-token fashion, resulting in lag in inference.
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ELMER: A Non-Autoregressive Pre-trained Language Model for Efficient and Effective Text Generation (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for text generation use auto-regressive (AR) methods, but inefficient inference is a problem.
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Distilling Knowledge Learned in BERT for Text Generation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Large-scale pre-trained language models such as BERT have revolutionized the state of the art in many language understanding tasks.
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TR-BERT: Dynamic Token Reduction for Accelerating BERT Inference (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing pre-trained language models (PLMs) are expensive in inference, making them impractical in resource-limited real-world applications.
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PALM: Pre-training an Autoencoding&Autoregressive Language Model for Context-conditioned Generation (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing techniques for natural language understanding and generation use autoencoding and/or autoregressive objectives to train models.
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Unveiling the Potential of BERT-family: A New Recipe for Building Scalable, General and Competitive Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Generative large language models (LLMs) have significantly influenced various aspects of society, reshaping how we access and interact with information and knowledge.
Approach: They propose a pre-training task that helps BERT-family excel in wider applications . they also explore the integration of cutting-edge technologies into their models to further enhance their capabilities.
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BERTGen: Multi-task Generation through BERT (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent work in unsupervised and self-supervised pre-training has revolutionised the field of natural language understanding (NLU).
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Fine-tuning BERT for Low-Resource Natural Language Understanding via Active Learning (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Recent work has explored the suitability of pre-trained language models in low resource settings with less than 1,000 training data points.
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Do you have the right scissors? Tailoring Pre-trained Language Models via Monte-Carlo Methods (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models can be fine-tuned on task-specific datasets, but fine-timing can lead to over- and/or under-estimation problems.
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DagoBERT: Generating Derivational Morphology with a Pretrained Language Model (2020.emnlp-main)

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