Challenge: Question generation models are often evaluated with standardized NLG metrics that are based on n-gram overlap.
Approach: They propose to use QGen to help teachers automate the generation of reading comprehension quizzes by comparing n-gram overlap with BLEU to compare system-generated questions with heldout human-written references.
Outcome: The best model had only 68.4% of its questions accepted by the ten teachers who participated in the study.

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Towards a Better Metric for Evaluating Question Generation Systems (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation metrics based on n-gram similarity do not correlate well with human judgments . large datasets for document Question Answering (QA) have enabled the development of end-to-end supervised models .
Approach: They propose a scoring function to capture answerability of questions . they also integrate existing similarity metrics into the scoring function .
Outcome: The proposed scoring function improves human judgments on question answerability . the proposed scoring functions are made publicly available .
SkillQG: Learning to Generate Question for Reading Comprehension Assessment (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing question generation systems focus on the literal nature of questions and rarely consider comprehension types of the generated questions.
Approach: They propose a question generation framework with controllable comprehension types for machine reading comprehension models.
Outcome: Empirical results show that SkillQG outperforms baselines in quality, relevance, and skill-controllability while showing a performance boost in downstream question answering task.
Vocabulary Matters: A Simple yet Effective Approach to Paragraph-level Question Generation (2020.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Current neural network-based questions generation techniques take only one or two sentences as input.
Approach: They propose a simple yet effective technique for question generation from paragraphs . they augment a sequence-to-sequence QG model with dynamic, paragraph-specific dictionary .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art systems in question generation from paragraphs in automatic and human evaluation.
Towards Process-Oriented, Modular, and Versatile Question Generation that Meets Educational Needs (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: NLP-powered automatic question generation (QG) techniques have not been widely adopted in classrooms to date.
Approach: They propose to identify key impediments and improve the usability of NLP-powered automatic question generation techniques by understanding how instructors construct questions and identifying touch points to enhance the underlying NLP models.
Outcome: The proposed methods can be used by 11 instructors across 7 universities and highlight their needs and needs when creating questions.
ConQuer: A Framework for Concept-Based Quiz Generation (2025.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing concepts-based quiz generation frameworks that leverage external knowledge sources are challenging and labor intensive.
Approach: They propose a concept-based quiz generation framework that leverages external knowledge sources to assess the quality of the generated quizzes, using LLMs as judges.
Outcome: The proposed framework shows a 4.8% improvement in evaluation scores and a 77.52% win rate in pairwise comparisons against baseline quiz sets.
Exploring Question-Specific Rewards for Generating Deep Questions (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Recent question generation approaches use the sequence-to-sequence framework to optimize the log likelihood of ground-truth questions using teacher forcing.
Approach: They propose to optimize for QG-specific objectives via reinforcement learning to improve question quality.
Outcome: The proposed model improves the fluency, relevance, and answerability of generated questions.
Evaluation of Question Generation Needs More References (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing evaluations of QG methods rely on single reference-based similarity metrics . multiple (pseudo) references are more effective for QG evaluation .
Approach: They propose to paraphrase the reference question for a more robust QG evaluation.
Outcome: The proposed frameworks show higher correlation with human evaluations than evaluation with a single reference.
Automatic Distractor Generation for Multiple Choice Questions in Standard Tests (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to generate distractors for multiple choice questions are expensive and time-consuming.
Approach: They propose a question and answer guided distractor generation framework to automate distractors generated by domain experts.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models and achieves state-of-the-art on a large-scale dataset.
QGEval: Benchmarking Multi-dimensional Evaluation for Question Generation (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing metrics fail to align well with human judgments when evaluating QG questions.
Approach: They propose a multi-dimensional evaluation benchmark for QG and automatic metrics that evaluates questions and automated metrics across 7 dimensions.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark evaluates QG models and automatic metrics across 7 dimensions . it shows that most QG model performs unsatisfactorily in terms of answerability and answer consistency .
A Practical Toolkit for Multilingual Question and Answer Generation (2023.acl-demo)

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Challenge: Generating questions and answers from text is a challenging task due to the expected structured output.
Approach: They propose an online service for multilingual QAG along with a python package for model fine-tuning, generation, and evaluation.
Outcome: The proposed model is available in eight languages and can be used online or locally via lmqg.

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