Challenge: Recent question generation approaches use the sequence-to-sequence framework to optimize the log likelihood of ground-truth questions using teacher forcing.
Approach: They propose to optimize for QG-specific objectives via reinforcement learning to improve question quality.
Outcome: The proposed model improves the fluency, relevance, and answerability of generated questions.

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Evaluating Rewards for Question Generation Models (N19-1)

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Challenge: Recent approaches to question generation have used modifications to a Seq2Seq architecture inspired by advances in machine translation.
Approach: They propose to use a Seq2Seq architecture to train models to generate one-step-ahead predictions, but at test time, the model is asked to generate a whole sequence, causing errors to propagate through the generation process.
Outcome: The proposed model is trained to generate a plausible question, conditioned on an input document and answer span within that document.
Reinforced Multi-task Approach for Multi-hop Question Generation (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Empirical evaluation shows our model to outperform the single-hop question generation models on both automatic evaluation metrics such as BLEU, METEOR, and ROUGE and human evaluation metrics for quality and coverage of the generated questions.
Approach: They propose a question-aware reward function to maximize the utilization of supporting facts in the context.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms single-hop neural question generation models on automatic evaluation metrics and human evaluation metrics for quality and coverage of the generated questions.
KHANQ: A Dataset for Generating Deep Questions in Education (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing QG datasets are not suitable for educational question generation because the questions are not real questions asked by humans during learning.
Approach: They propose a dataset for question generation that contains 1,034 high-quality learner-generated questions seeking an in-depth understanding of the taught online courses in Khan Academy.
Outcome: The proposed dataset contains 1,034 high-quality learner-generated questions seeking an in-depth understanding of the taught online courses in Khan Academy.
Towards Better Question Generation in QA-based Event Extraction (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: True. True. EE aims to extract event-related information from unstructured texts.
Approach: They propose a reinforcement learning method that evaluates the quality of a question and provides clear guidance to QA models.
Outcome: The proposed method generates generalizable, high-quality, and context-dependent questions and provides clear guidance to QA models.
Select High-quality Synthetic QA Pairs to Augment Training Data in MRC under the Reward Guidance of Generative Language Models (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches focus on downstream metrics to select QA pairs, which lack generalization across different datasets.
Approach: They propose a general selection method that uses a large pre-trained language model as a reward model in a Reinforcement Learning framework for the training of the selection agent.
Outcome: The proposed method improves performance on generative and extractive datasets.
Stay Hungry, Stay Focused: Generating Informative and Specific Questions in Information-Seeking Conversations (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing work on question generation assumes knowledge of what the answer might be . instead, questioner must reason pragmatically about how to acquire new information .
Approach: They propose a question generation system that generates pragmatically relevant questions in information-asymmetric conversations.
Outcome: The proposed questioner significantly improves the informativeness and specificity of questions generated over a baseline model as evaluated by metrics as well as humans.
Generating Highly Relevant Questions (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing neural QG models generate generic questions that are not relevant to passages and answers.
Approach: They propose to prioritize words that are morphologically close to words in the passage when generating questions.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve relevance of generated questions to passages and answers.
CrossQG: Improving Difficulty-Controllable Question Generation through Consistency Enhancement (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models can generate questions with controlled difficulty, but they often fail to align with the given target difficulty.
Approach: They propose a question generation method that requires no tuning of generator parameters yet significantly improves difficulty consistency.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms several mainstream methods on high-quality question answering datasets and achieves superior consistency with target difficulty.
How to Ask Good Questions? Try to Leverage Paraphrases (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to generate human-like questions rely on paraphrases to generate good questions.
Approach: They propose to integrate paraphrase knowledge into question generation to generate human-like questions by combining paraphrases with a back-translation method.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves obvious performance gain over several strong baselines and human evaluation validates that it can ask questions of high quality by leveraging paraphrase knowledge.
Ask to Learn: A Study on Curiosity-driven Question Generation (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing work on Question Generation focuses on generating relevant questions given text with an answer . human ability to ask questions goes beyond evaluation of reading comprehension .
Approach: They propose a novel text generation task based on a conversational question-asking dataset . they investigate automated metrics to measure different properties of Curious Questions .
Outcome: The proposed task is based on a conversational Question Answering dataset . the results show that humans tend to ask questions with the goal of obtaining new information .

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