Challenge: Existing methods for contrastive pre-training ignore the relevance between codes in large code corpus.
Approach: They propose a Soft-labeled contrastive pre-training framework with positive sample construction methods to learn functional-level code representation.
Outcome: The proposed framework can obtain fine-grained soft-labels through an iterative adversarial manner and use them to learn better code representation.

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Contrastive Code Representation Learning (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent work learns contextual representations of source code by reconstructing tokens from their context.
Approach: They propose a contrastive pre-training task that learns code functionality, not form . they propose scalable compilers that can generate variants of a program .
Outcome: The proposed task outperforms RoBERTa on an adversarial code clone detection benchmark by 39% AUROC.
CodeRetriever: A Large Scale Contrastive Pre-Training Method for Code Search (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing code pre-training approaches often adopt (masked) language modeling as the training objective which targets on learning to predict (macked) tokens in a given code context.
Approach: They propose a code-text contrastive learning model which learns function-level code semantic representations through large-scale code corpus.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves new state-of-the-art with significant improvement over existing pre-trained models on eleven domain/language-specific code search tasks with six programming languages in different code granularity.
CLeVeR: Multi-modal Contrastive Learning for Vulnerability Code Representation (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for detecting code capture the overall semantics of the code rather than its intrinsic vulnerability-specific semantics.
Approach: They propose an approach that leverages contrastive learning to generate precise vulnerability code representations under the supervision of vulnerability descriptions.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods in vulnerability detection tasks by 11.85% and 13.61%.
Fine-grained Contrastive Learning for Definition Generation (2022.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent pre-trained transformer-based definition generation models lack effective representation learning to contain full semantic components of the given word, leading to under-specific definitions.
Approach: They propose a novel contrastive learning method that encourages the model to capture more detailed semantic representations from the definition sequence encoding.
Outcome: The proposed method could generate more specific definitions compared with state-of-the-art models.
SoftMCL: Soft Momentum Contrastive Learning for Fine-grained Sentiment-aware Pre-training (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for pre-training language models capture general language understanding but fail to distinguish affective impact of a particular context to a specific word.
Approach: They propose a soft momentum contrastive learning method for fine-grained sentiment-aware pre-training that uses valence ratings as soft-label supervision instead of hard labels.
Outcome: The proposed method improves on four sentiment-related tasks and the results are published online.
Structural Contrastive Pretraining for Cross-Lingual Comprehension (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to train multilingual language models using pretraining tasks like mask language modeling have yielded promising results on a wide range of downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose a new task to align the structural words in a parallel sentence, enhancing models’ ability to comprehend cross-lingual representations.
Outcome: The proposed task improves model's ability to comprehend cross-lingual representations by increasing the frequency of negative pairings.
Knowledge Representation Learning with Contrastive Completion Coding (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing knowledge representation learning methods suffer from immaturity on tackling potentially-imperfect knowledge graphs and highly-imbalanced positive-negative instances during training.
Approach: They propose a framework for knowledge representation learning that incorporates two functional components to achieve robust embedding for each entity/relation.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves better convergence against state-of-the-art methods on several benchmarks.
Differentiable Data Augmentation for Contrastive Sentence Representation Learning (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a contrastive learning framework is used to fine-tune pre-trained language models with unlabeled sentences or labeled sentences.
Approach: They propose a method that makes hard positives from unlabeled sentences . they use a prefix attached to a model to allow for differentiable data augmentation .
Outcome: The proposed method yields significant improvements over existing methods under semi-supervised and supervised settings.
DocSplit: Simple Contrastive Pretraining for Large Document Embeddings (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing model pretraining methods only consider local information, resulting in low-quality embeddings for large documents.
Approach: They propose a new method which forces models to consider the entire global context of a large document.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing models on document classification, few shot learning, and retrieval tasks.
Text-to-Code Generation with Modality-relative Pre-training (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Large pre-trained language models have been applied to programming language tasks with great success, often through further pre-training of a strictly-natural language model.
Approach: They propose to map programming language modalities into the same embedding space by separating embeddable spaces between modality and modality-relative training objectives.
Outcome: The proposed model can be adapted and represented differently depending on which modality they belong to and to the ultimate benefit of the downstream task.

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