Challenge: Existing research on multimodal pre-training for visually rich document understanding tasks has focused on the English domain while neglecting the importance of multilingual generalization.
Approach: They propose a multimodal pre-trained model for multilingual document understanding which bridges the language barriers for visually rich document understanding.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing cross-lingual pre-trained models on the XFUND dataset on visual document understanding tasks.

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MarkupLM: Pre-training of Text and Markup Language for Visually Rich Document Understanding (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing layout-based pre-training approaches are not easy to apply to VRDU tasks.
Approach: They propose to use markup languages as the backbone for document understanding tasks where text and markup information are jointly pre-trained.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on document understanding tasks.
XFormParser: A Simple and Effective Multimodal Multilingual Semi-structured Form Parser (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Document AI parsing semi-structured image form is a key information extraction task.
Approach: They propose a multimodal and multilingual semi-structured FORM PARSER which integrates SER and relation extraction into a unified framework.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves up to 1.79% improvement on RE tasks in multilingual and zero-shot settings.
XGLUE: A New Benchmark Dataset for Cross-lingual Pre-training, Understanding and Generation (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: XGLUE provides a benchmark dataset to train large-scale cross-lingual pre-trained models . XCLUE provides 11 diversified tasks that cover both understanding and generation scenarios .
Approach: They introduce a new benchmark dataset to train large-scale cross-lingual pre-trained models using multilingual and bilingual corpora.
Outcome: The proposed dataset is labeled in English and includes only natural language understanding tasks.
mPLUG-DocOwl 1.5: Unified Structure Learning for OCR-free Document Understanding (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing Multimodal Large Language Models lack general structure understanding abilities for text-rich document images.
Approach: They propose to use unified structure learning to boost the performance of MLLMs by encoding structure information into text-rich images.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art on 10 visual document understanding benchmarks.
A Survey on MLLM-based Visually Rich Document Understanding: Methods, Challenges, and Emerging Trends (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Visually Rich Document Understanding (VRDU) frameworks are a key area of research . early approaches to VRDU relied on manually crafted rules and domain-specific heuristics . conventional deep learning approaches do not integrate the diverse modalities in documents .
Approach: They review recent advances in MLLM-based Visually Rich Document Understanding (VRDU) their findings highlight emerging trends and promising research directions .
Outcome: The proposed frameworks are scalable, reliable, and adaptable, the authors argue . their findings highlight emerging trends and promising research directions .
LayoutLMv2: Multi-modal Pre-training for Visually-rich Document Understanding (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing pre-training tasks for text and layout are effective in visually-rich document understanding tasks.
Approach: They propose to combine pre-training tasks with a multi-modal model to model interaction between text, layout and image in a single multi-module framework.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms LayoutLM by a large margin on visual-rich document understanding tasks.
TIU-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Multimodal Models on Text-rich Image Understanding (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing text-rich image understanding benchmarks lack scale and fragmented scenarios . a new full-image structured output format is proposed to enable fine-grained evaluation of perception and reasoning capabilities.
Approach: They propose a large-scale, multilingual benchmark that includes over 100,000 annotations and 22,000 question-answer pairs.
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MultiSubs: A Large-scale Multimodal and Multilingual Dataset (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: a large-scale multimodal and multilingual dataset is used to facilitate research on visual grounding of words to images in their contextual usage in language.
Approach: They propose a large-scale multimodal and multilingual dataset that aims to facilitate research on grounding words to images in their contextual usage in language.
Outcome: The proposed dataset will facilitate research on visual grounding of words in their contextual usage in language.
StructuralLM: Structural Pre-training for Form Understanding (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing pre-trained language models focus on text-only representation, neglecting cell-level layout information.
Approach: They propose a pre-training approach to leverage cell and layout information from scanned documents.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art in various downstream tasks . it uses 2Dposition embeddings to model word-level layout information .
UGIF-DataSet: A New Dataset for Cross-lingual, Cross-modal Sequential actions on the UI (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Identifying the right help document, understanding instructions from the document, and using them to resolve the issue at hand is challenging.
Approach: They propose to use help documents to create step-by-step tutorials overlaid on the phone UI to overcome challenges in retrieval, parsing, and grounding in multilingual-multimodal setting.
Outcome: The proposed dataset contains 4,184 tasks across 8 languages and shows that the end-to-end completion rate drops from 48% in English to 32% for other languages.

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