Challenge: Existing competitive methods to accelerate inference of pretrained language models are limited by their complexity and computational consumption.
Approach: They propose a unified horizontal and vertical multi-perspective early exiting framework to accelerate inference of transformer-based models.
Outcome: Experiments show that MPEE can achieve higher acceleration inference with competent performance than existing competitive methods.

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Challenge: Experimental results show that CascadeBERT can achieve an overall 15% improvement under 4x speed-up compared with existing dynamic early exiting methods on six classification tasks.
Approach: They propose a framework which emits predictions in internal layers without passing through the entire model.
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A Global Past-Future Early Exit Method for Accelerating Inference of Pre-trained Language Models (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to accelerate inference speed of pre-trained language models are limited to local representations of exit layer . current models are associated with large memory requirement and high computational cost, which slow down inference and further encumber the application of PLMs.
Approach: They propose a method to exit early without passing through all inference layers . they take into consideration all the linguistic information embedded in the past layers a global perspective .
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FREE: Fast and Robust Vision Language Models with Early Exits (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown remarkable performance improvements in Vision-language tasks, but their large size poses challenges for real-world applications.
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LEAP: Layer-wise Exit-Aware Pretraining for Efficient Transformer Inference (2026.acl-industry)

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Challenge: Layer-aligned distillation and convergence-based early exit are dominant computational efficiency paradigms for transformer inference.
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PCEE-BERT: Accelerating BERT Inference via Patient and Confident Early Exiting (2022.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models (PLMs) are the state-of-the-art (SOTA) models for natural language processing (NLP).
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DAdEE: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in Early Exit PLMs (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) exhibit good accuracy and generalization ability but their large size results in high inference latency.
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LayerSkip: Enabling Early Exit Inference and Self-Speculative Decoding (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have been deployed to many applications, yet their high compute and memory requirements lead to high financial and energy costs when deployed to GPU servers.
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Accelerating BERT Inference for Sequence Labeling via Early-Exit (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing early-exit mechanisms are designed for sequence-level tasks, rather than sequence labeling.
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BADGE: Speeding Up BERT Inference after Deployment via Block-wise Bypasses and Divergence-based Early Exiting (2023.acl-industry)

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Challenge: Recent years have witnessed the rise of many pre-trained language models (PLMs) such as GPT (Radford et al., 2019) and XLNet (Yang e.t al, 2019).
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Early Exit with Disentangled Representation and Equiangular Tight Frame (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing early exit paradigm relies on training parametrical internal classifiers to complete specific tasks.
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