Challenge: Cognitive science and philosophy research has shown that human explanations are contrastive . a contrast case plays a key role in modulating what explanations can be given .
Approach: They propose a method for producing contrastive explanations of model predictions . they edit models' outputs to change model outputs, and then edit them to the contrast case .
Outcome: a new method produces contrastive explanations of model predictions in the form of edits . the edits are minimal and fluent, consistent with human contrastive edits.

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Interpreting Language Models with Contrastive Explanations (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing explanation methods conflate evidence for various features to predict a token . existing explanation methods are less interpretable for human understanding .
Approach: They propose to explain language models contrastively by looking for salient input tokens that explain why the model predicted one token instead of another.
Outcome: The proposed explanations are better than non-contrastive explanations for language models . they show that contrastive explanations improve simulability for human observers .
Contrastive Explanations for Model Interpretability (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for producing model explanations seek all causal factors at once, making them difficult to comprehend.
Approach: They propose a method to produce contrastive explanations in the latent space . they use attribution and token/span attribution to produce models that consider only contrastive reasoning .
Outcome: The proposed method allows model behavior to consider only contrastive reasoning . it also uncovers which aspects of the input are useful for and against particular decisions .
Prompting Contrastive Explanations for Commonsense Reasoning Tasks (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large pretrained language models (PLMs) can achieve near-human performance on commonsense reasoning tasks, but provide little human-interpretable evidence of the underlying reasoning they use.
Approach: They propose to use large pretrained language models to generate evidence for commonsense reasoning NLP tasks . they use models to contrast alternative explanations based on key attribute(s) required to justify the correct answer .
Outcome: The proposed model improves performance on two commonsense reasoning benchmarks compared to previous non-contrastive alternatives.
Explaining with Contrastive Phrasal Highlighting: A Case Study in Assisting Humans to Detect Translation Differences (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a common strategy to explain NLP predictions is to highlight salient tokens in their inputs.
Approach: They propose a technique to generate contrastive phrasal highlights that explain the predictions of a semantic divergence model via phrase alignment guided erasure.
Outcome: The proposed techniques match human rationales of cross-lingual semantic differences better than popular post-hoc saliency techniques and help people detect fine-grained meaning differences in human translations and critical machine translation errors.
Rather a Nurse than a Physician - Contrastive Explanations under Investigation (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a recent study suggests that contrastive explanations are closer to how humans explain a decision than non-contrastive explanations.
Approach: They analyze four English text-classification datasets to determine whether humans explain in contrast to alternatives.
Outcome: The proposed explanations are closer to how humans explain a decision than non-contrastive explanations.
Let the CAT out of the bag: Contrastive Attributed explanations for Text (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: XAI has seen an explosion of interest in explaining black box behavior . contrastive/counterfactual explanations have seen a surge of interest recently .
Approach: They propose a method which provides contrastive explanations for natural language text data with a novel twist by exploiting attribute classifiers.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on four benchmark metrics.
KACE: Generating Knowledge Aware Contrastive Explanations for Natural Language Inference (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches in NLP focus on “WHY A” rather than contrastive “WHA NOT B” Experimental results show that contrastive explanations are beneficial to fit the scenarios by clarifying the difference between the predicted answer and other possible wrong ones.
Approach: They propose to generate contrastive explanations with counterfactual examples in NLI by identifying key phrases from input sentences and using them as key perturbations to generate counterfacts.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves on SNLI and ETPA models by 91.9%.
Contrastive Data and Learning for Natural Language Processing (2022.naacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Current NLP models heavily rely on effective representation learning algorithms.
Approach: This tutorial introduces contrastive learning and provides an introduction to the techniques.
Outcome: This tutorial provides an introduction to the fundamentals of contrastive learning approaches and the theory behind them.
Interpreting Predictions of NLP Models (2020.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: This tutorial will provide a background on interpretation techniques for neural NLP models.
Approach: This tutorial will provide a background on interpretation techniques for NLP models . it will examine saliency maps, input perturbations, adversarial attacks and influence functions .
Outcome: This tutorial will provide a background on interpretation techniques . examples-specific interpretations include saliency maps, input perturbations, adversarial attacks, influence functions .
Fixed That for You: Generating Contrastive Claims with Semantic Edits (N19-1)

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Challenge: Understanding contrastive opinions is a key component of argument generation.
Approach: They create a corpus of Reddit comment pairs and train neural models to edit the original claim and produce a new claim with a different view.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on a sequence-to-sequence baseline and compared to a human evaluation for fluency, coherence, and contrast.

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