Challenge: Existing pre-trained multilingual language models often lack capacity and skewed data . this leads to inequitable representation of languages due to limited capacity and sub-optimal vocabularies.
Approach: They propose a framework to merge pre-trained multilingual language models to maximize their assets with minimal dependencies.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms teacher-trained models on multiple datasets and with a fixed model capacity.

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Challenge: Adapting general-purpose language models to new skills is currently expensive . Adaptation to new skill sets requires repeated training or models forget older skills .
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LM-Cocktail: Resilient Tuning of Language Models via Model Merging (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models are continually fine-tuned to better support downstream applications. however, this operation may result in significant performance degeneration on general perspectives.
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Generation-Distillation for Efficient Natural Language Understanding in Low-Data Settings (D19-61)

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Challenge: Recent research points to knowledge distillation as a potential solution for NLU tasks.
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Cross-lingual Transfer of Monolingual Models (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual learning using multilingual models cast doubt on shared vocabulary and joint pre-training . et al. (2005) show that model knowledge learned in the source language enhances the learning of the target language independently of language proximity.
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Multi-level Distillation of Semantic Knowledge for Pre-training Multilingual Language Model (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for improving multilingual models did not focus on learning the semantic structure of representation.
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Improving Training Efficiency and Reducing Maintenance Costs via Language Specific Model Merging (2026.eacl-industry)

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Challenge: Recent research on merging multilingual multitask models has shown promise in terms of improved quality, but its computational and maintenance efficiency remains unstudied.
Approach: They propose a method for fine-tuning a multilingual large language model . they compare a "retrain-all" approach and a 'train-once, merge-as-needed' approach .
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Combining Deep Generative Models and Multi-lingual Pretraining for Semi-supervised Document Classification (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Semi-supervised learning and multilingual pretraining have been shown to be effective for task-specific labelled data shortages.
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Training-free LLM Merging for Multi-task Learning (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities across diverse natural language processing tasks.
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Emerging Cross-lingual Structure in Pretrained Language Models (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Recent work has shown that multilingual pretraining works, but is unable to measure these effects.
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Adapt-and-Distill: Developing Small, Fast and Effective Pretrained Language Models for Domains (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large pre-trained models suffer from domain shift and are not optimal for specific domains.
Approach: They propose a general approach to developing small, fast and effective pretrained models for specific domains by adapting off-the-shelf general pretrained model and performing task-agnostic knowledge distillation in target domains.
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