Challenge: Existing approaches to pre-training focus on embedding alignment, but they neglect the modeling of bidirectional contexts.
Approach: They propose a framework to learn languageuniversal representations using multi-granularity contrasting framework . they encode semantic equivalents from different languages into similar representations .
Outcome: The proposed framework can achieve significant performance gains in machine translation and cross-lingual language understanding.

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models have been shown to improve performance in many natural language tasks.
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Challenge: Existing studies show that multilingual generative models exhibit a strong language bias toward high-resource languages.
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InfoXLM: An Information-Theoretic Framework for Cross-Lingual Language Model Pre-Training (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for learning cross-lingual representations are lacking in the field of NLP.
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Challenge: Empirical studies show multilinguality and crosslinguality emerge from MLM pretraining without supervision.
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Challenge: Recent work has shown that multilingual pretraining works, but is unable to measure these effects.
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Challenge: Large scale multilingual pre-trained language models have shown promising results in zero- and few-shot cross-lingual tasks.
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InteMATs: Integrating Granularity-Specific Multilingual Adapters for Cross-Lingual Transfer (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing work relies on full-model fine-tuning on large parallel datasets to enhance cross-lingual alignment of MLLMs.
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Structural Contrastive Pretraining for Cross-Lingual Comprehension (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to train multilingual language models using pretraining tasks like mask language modeling have yielded promising results on a wide range of downstream tasks.
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MGDoc: Pre-training with Multi-granular Hierarchy for Document Image Understanding (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods learn features from word-level or region-level but fail to consider both simultaneously.
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Cross-View Language Modeling: Towards Unified Cross-Lingual Cross-Modal Pre-training (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Empirical results show that CCLM significantly outperforms the prior state-of-the-art with an average absolute improvement of over 10%.
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